4.6 Review

Current Progress in Sporothrix brasiliensis Basic Aspects

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
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Summary: Meningeal sporotrichosis is a rare disease that mainly affects immunosuppressed individuals, particularly those with HIV. Headache is the most common symptom, and neurological manifestations may occur without obvious meningeal symptoms. Diagnosis can be confirmed through cerebrospinal fluid tests. The mortality rate among patients with meningitis is high, and better treatment strategies are needed.

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Summary: This study analyzed 37 cases of sporotrichosis with involvement of the nasal mucosa, finding that the majority of patients were males, students or retirees, and infected by cats. The main characteristics of nasal mucosa lesions were the presence/elimination of crusts and involvement of various structures. Most cases were treated with a combination of antifungal agents and were cured, but two deaths were observed.

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Sporotrichosis Outbreak Due to Sporothrix brasiliensis in Domestic Cats in Magallanes, Chile: A One-Health-Approach Study

Pamela Thomson et al.

Summary: An outbreak of Sporothrix brasiliensis was detected in domestic and feral cats in the Magallanes region of southern Chile. Diagnosis was confirmed through cytology, histopathology, and fungal culture, and the cats were treated with itraconazole and potassium iodide. The importance of evaluating the outbreak and designing control and prevention programs under a one health approach that considers human, animal, and environmental health was emphasized.

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The first three reported cases of Sporothrix brasiliensis cat-transmitted sporotrichosis outside South America

James R. Barnacle et al.

Summary: An epidemic of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis has become a major public health threat in Brazil. We report the first cases of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis outside South America, including the first cases in the United Kingdom. We provide an overview of the public health implications and outbreak response, highlighting the importance of vigilance among clinicians and veterinarians worldwide.

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Sporothrix spp. Biofilms Impact in the Zoonotic Transmission Route: Feline Claws Associated Biofilms, Itraconazole Tolerance, and Potential Repurposing for Miltefosine

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Summary: Sporotrichosis is a common subcutaneous fungal infection caused by direct inoculation of Sporothrix spp. from soil to the skin. Cats play an important role in the zoonotic transmission of sporotrichosis in hot-spot endemic areas like Brazil. Biofilms formed by Sporothrix yeasts contribute to the recurrence of infection and resistance to antifungal drugs like itraconazole. Miltefosine shows potential as an off-label alternative to itraconazole by demonstrating antibiofilm activity against Sporothrix biofilms.

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Summary: In recent years, sporotrichosis has been spreading in Brazil, particularly in the Rio de Janeiro state. The study reveals that Sporothrix brasiliensis can persist in the environment for years, highlighting the lack of understanding of the eco-epidemiology of sporotrichosis.

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Summary: In this review, we discuss the virulence factors involved in the interaction between S. schenckii and its host, including cell wall glycoproteins, adhesins, melanin, extracellular vesicles, and dimorphism. These factors play important roles in the development of sporotrichosis and the infection process.

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Zoonotic acquisition of cutaneous Sporothrix braziliensis infection in the UK

Raissa Rachman et al.

Summary: This is a unique case of a veterinarian acquiring cutaneous Sporothrix brasiliensis infection from treating an imported cat with skin lesions. It is clinically relevant due to its unusual etiology and its role in raising awareness of rare infections associated with imported pets and global travel.

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Summary: This study explores the immunological responses induced by different species of Sporothrix in sporotrichosis. The findings show that Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a stronger inflammatory response and tissue destruction compared to other species, and suggest that targeting IL-1 inhibition could be a potential treatment strategy for S. brasiliensis infection.

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Verania J. Arvizu-Rubio et al.

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Tattooing as a gateway to Sporothrix brasiliensis infection

Vanice Rodrigues Poester et al.

Summary: A case of sporotrichosis transmitted through a sick cat during the tattooing process is reported in this study, highlighting the atypical transmission of Sporothrix brasiliensis in hyperendemic regions. The patient achieved clinical cure after two months of oral itraconazole treatment.

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Summary: Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato is a species complex with only certain strains identified to cause disease in cats. Feline sporotrichosis in Asia is mainly reported from Malaysia, with a need for further molecular epidemiological studies due to lack of data. The prognosis for the disease is guarded to poor due to various factors such as cost, treatment course, zoonotic potential, and low susceptibility to antifungals.

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Summary: This study used a nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry approach to analyze the yeast proteomic profiles of S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, and S. globosa, revealing differentially expressed proteins related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. The findings suggest that S. brasiliensis has a distinct metabolism compared to S. schenckii and S. globosa, potentially explaining its more virulent character. The data provided new insights into Sporothrix species metabolism and may be useful for future functional studies.

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