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Summary: This observational study found that capillary rarefaction persists for up to 18 months after COVID-19 infection. Although the dimensions of the glycocalyx were comparable to those of healthy individuals, the vascular density, particularly in very small capillaries, was significantly decreased. The number of perfused capillaries in long COVID patients was similar to that of critically ill COVID-19 patients and did not respond adequately to local variations in tissue metabolic demand.
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Eihab Ghantous et al.
Summary: In patients with the Omicron variant of COVID-19, cardiac manifestations include RV dilatation and dysfunction, elevated LV filling pressure, and LV systolic dysfunction. However, these abnormalities are less severe compared to the wild-type variant, possibly due to attenuated pulmonary parenchymal and/or vascular disease. LV and RV abnormalities are associated with adverse outcomes in Omicron patients, but LV abnormalities are often pre-existing cardiac morbidity.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
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Filipe Andre Gonzalez et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with various cardiac manifestations. Left atrial strain (LA-S) measured by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) could help identify cardiac injury in severe COVID-19 patients, and there may be distinctive immune profiles in patients with cardiac injury.
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Evangelos Oikonomou et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the cardiac and arterial function and coupling in post-COVID-19 patients and found that long COVID-19 syndrome is associated with impaired cardiac function, arterial stiffness, and autonomic dysfunction.
Letter
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Nicola Gaibazzi et al.
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Shimaa Gamal ZeinElabdeen et al.
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal left atrial strain in COVID-19-recovered patients and found that 31.7% of previously healthy individuals developed dyspnea and exercise intolerance post-recovery. Left atrial strain parameters were significantly associated with the development of symptoms and could be a useful tool for early diagnosis and treatment guidance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Elina Larissa Petersen et al.
Summary: This study comprehensively assessed organ-specific functions in individuals after mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and found subclinical multi-organ affection related to pulmonary, cardiac, thrombotic, and renal function. However, there were no signs of structural brain damage, neurocognitive impairment, or quality-of-life impairment.
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Elsi S. Tryfou et al.
Summary: This study prospectively evaluated cardiac involvement in Covid-19 recovered patients using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, finding that left ventricular global longitudinal strain was significantly lower in patients compared to controls after recovery. Recovery patients should be monitored long-term for potential cardiac implications.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
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Infectious Diseases
Joan B. Soriano et al.
Summary: People with COVID-19 might experience long-term symptoms known as long COVID or long-haul COVID. The lack of a standardized definition hinders the understanding and treatment of this condition. In a WHO-led Delphi process, a consensus definition was developed, stating that post-COVID-19 condition occurs in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with symptoms lasting for at least 2 months and impacting everyday functioning. This common framework provides a foundation for future studies and therapy.
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Steffen E. Petersen et al.
Summary: COVID-19 is associated with myocardial injury, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that can evaluate the cardiac function and tissue abnormalities in patients recovering from COVID-19. Studies have reported CMR abnormalities in up to 60% of recovered COVID-19 patients, including functional impairment, myocardial tissue abnormalities, late gadolinium enhancement, or pericardial abnormalities.
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Maria-Luiza Luchian et al.
Summary: This study investigated subclinical cardiac dysfunction in recovered COVID-19 patients with dyspnea, and found that global constructive work (GCW) and global work index (GWI) were independently associated with persistent symptoms, indicating a decrease in myocardial performance.
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Luiz D. C. Caiado et al.
Summary: This study indicates that COVID-19-induced cardiac involvement may persist even after recovery from the disease and can be detected by deformation abnormalities using STE. Myocardial involvement induced by COVID-19 often presents specific LV deformation patterns due to pronounced edema and/or myocardial damage in the basal LV segments.
JOURNAL OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
(2022)
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Ty J. Gluckman et al.
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(2022)
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Guy Baruch et al.
Summary: This study assessed changes in echocardiographic parameters in COVID-19 patients during hospitalization and at 3-month follow-up. The results showed significant improvement in some right ventricle parameters at follow-up, while left ventricle parameters did not change significantly. Approximately a quarter of the patients still had left ventricle systolic dysfunction, suggesting subclinical LV dysfunction may be a part of COVID-19 recovery.
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Antonello D'Andrea et al.
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Elisa Gherbesi et al.
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate myocardial function in patients with previous asymptomatic/mild COVID-19 infection, and found that despite an asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic acute illness, SARS-CoV-2 infection may affect left ventricular deformation in 30% of young adult patients. Speckle-tracking echocardiography could help early identification of patients with subclinical cardiac involvement, with potential repercussions on risk stratification and management.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY-A JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ULTRASOUND AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Paul Baum et al.
Summary: In this study, we found that the majority of patients with PCS have normal cardiac function, while only a small subgroup of patients with severe functional impairment and elevated troponin T levels are at risk for impaired cardiac function.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Kathleen A. Young et al.
Summary: Most patients recovered from COVID-19 did not show significant changes in transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) parameters, although some patients experienced worsening in strain values. Patients with new symptoms were more likely to have a worsening in absolute strain values.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
(2022)
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Biology
Amalia-Stefana Timpau et al.
Summary: The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the cardiovascular system is complex, leading to acute cardiac injury. Changes in biomarkers can predict the severity and prognosis of the disease. The mechanism of acute cardiac injury is not yet clear, but it may be related to factors such as direct myocardial injury, hypoxia, sepsis, and inflammation. Immunomodulatory therapy may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent severe disease, with both short-term and long-term cardiovascular sequelae being important considerations.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Raphael S. Peter et al.
Summary: This study describes the symptoms and symptom clusters of post-covid syndrome six to 12 months after acute infection, and examines the association of symptom clusters with general health and working capacity. The results suggest that fatigue and neurocognitive impairment contribute the most to reduced health recovery and working capacity, but other symptoms such as chest symptoms, anxiety/depression, headache/dizziness, and pain syndromes are also prevalent and relevant to working capacity.
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Environmental Sciences
Johannes Kersten et al.
Summary: This study aimed to describe and classify patterns of cardiopulmonary dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). The results showed that CPET can identify distinct limitation patterns, guiding further therapy and rehabilitation for post-COVID-19 patients, with dysfunctional breathing and deconditioning being crucial factors for evaluation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
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Immunology
Javier Garcia-Abellan et al.
Summary: Patients with 1-year duration long-COVID-19 syndrome exhibit a distinct immunologic phenotype that includes a poorer SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, low-degree chronic inflammation that tends to mitigate, and autoimmunity.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
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Daniel Alexander Bizjak et al.
Summary: Hematological and hemorheological parameters in COVID-19 patients exhibit significant changes during the acute disease state, including anemic conditions, increased immune cell response and inflammation, oxidative stress, decreased deformability, and increased aggregation. However, these abnormal values gradually improve and approach the values of healthy controls during treatment and convalescence.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
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Marc K. Halushka et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with significant cardiovascular involvement, with common cardiovascular histopathological findings reported in autopsied hearts. However, the true prevalence of conditions such as myocarditis may be lower than initially thought. Further research is needed to clarify the exact impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health.
CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Anum S. Minhas et al.
Summary: Using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), it was found that subclinical myocardial dysfunction is common in COVID-19 patients, even in those with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Lower myocardial work efficiency (MWE) is associated with higher interleukin-6 levels and increased in-hospital mortality, suggesting that non-invasive STE can play an important role in risk stratification for COVID-19 patients.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Alexander Stockenhuber et al.
Summary: This study aimed to evaluate echocardiographic parameters, particularly right ventricular function, as predictors of mortality in COVID-19 patients with cardiac involvement. The results showed that survivors had smaller RV size and better RV function, with RVLS being a potent predictor of outcomes. Patients with an average RVLS below 20% had significantly increased 30-day mortality, highlighting the importance of RV function in predicting outcomes in COVID-19 patients.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY-A JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ULTRASOUND AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES
(2021)
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Leonardo Italia et al.
Summary: This study investigated the spectrum of cardiac abnormalities at mid-term follow-up in patients recovered from COVID-19. Patients with MI during hospitalization were more symptomatic for dyspnea and had higher levels of hsTnT and NT-proBNP. Speckle-tracking analysis with echocardiography may be a useful imaging tool to identify subclinical myocardial dysfunction in these patients.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY-A JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ULTRASOUND AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES
(2021)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Yuji Xie et al.
Summary: This study found that cardiac injury in COVID-19 patients is associated with coagulopathy, elevated inflammatory biomarkers, increased complications, more mechanical ventilation therapy, and higher mortality. LV GLS(4CH) and RV FWLS are independent predictors of higher mortality in COVID-19 patients.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Tushar Kotecha et al.
Summary: Troponin elevation is common in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and recovered patients can exhibit myocarditis-like injury and ischemic heart disease, with possible ongoing localized inflammation. However, there is no evidence of diffuse fibrosis or edema in the remote myocardium.
EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL
(2021)
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Caroline Bleakley et al.
Summary: Critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 ARDS exhibit a specific phenotype of RV radial impairment, highlighting the importance of not solely interpreting RV health based on long-axis parameters. RV-PA coupling may offer valuable additional insights into RV performance in this cohort.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY
(2021)
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Virology
Richard Vollenberg et al.
Summary: This study identifies signs of endothelial damage in convalescent COVID-19 patients after mild disease progression without hospitalization, consistent with studies showing evidence of persistent endothelial damage after severe or critical disease progression. Further research should investigate endothelial damage in convalescent COVID-19 patients.
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Pelin Karaca Ozer et al.
Summary: This study conducted a comprehensive echocardiography assessment of the right ventricular RV in 79 patients recovered from COVID-19. The results showed impaired RV-GLS and RV-FWS in hospitalized recovery patients, with more significant impairment in severe pneumonia patients.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
(2021)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Mahdie Rahban et al.
Summary: The gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the overexpression of ACE2 cell receptors, which increases intestinal permeability to pathogens. Unlike liver cells, the gut has lower expression of ACE2, reducing the likelihood of liver infection by SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, there is an interconnected relationship between the lungs, brain, and gastrointestinal tract during severe COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Salma Charfeddine et al.
Summary: COVID-19 disease can cause endothelial dysfunction, leading to long-term sequelae. Research suggests that long COVID-19 symptoms are closely related to abnormal endothelial function, with endothelial dysfunction being an independent risk factor for long COVID-19 syndrome.
FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE
(2021)
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Biology
Or Shimoni et al.
Summary: In patients who had recovered from COVID-19 infection, both LV and RV strain are significantly lower compared to control patients. The exercise capacity of these patients correlates with LV strain values.
Review
Oncology
Sepehr Shafiee et al.
Summary: Recent studies suggest that ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 play a crucial role in the fusion of SARS-Cov-2 with target cells, with their expression possibly altered in malignancies. The disruption of gastrointestinal cancer screening programs due to the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to severe forms of the virus in patients with gastrointestinal cancers.
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Sudhanshu Mahajan et al.
Summary: Subclinical left ventricle dysfunction was seen in nearly a third of recovered COVID-19 patients, while 10.5% had right ventricle dysfunction. A closer follow-up among COVID-19 recovered subjects is needed to elucidate long-term cardiovascular outcomes.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY-A JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ULTRASOUND AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Mats C. H. Lassen et al.
Summary: This study showed that right ventricular function tends to recover following COVID-19, while left ventricular function does not significantly improve post-recovery. Recovered COVID-19 patients have lower cardiac function measures compared to matched controls, indicating that both left and right ventricular function remain impaired.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEART FAILURE
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Fatih Akkaya et al.
Summary: The study evaluated the right ventricular functions of mild COVID-19 patients 3 months after treatment, finding that these patients had significantly impaired RV functions and potential subclinical RV dysfunction.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
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Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Harpreet S. Bhatia et al.
Summary: Patients with COVID-19 exhibit evidence of subclinical cardiac dysfunction with reduced GLS despite preserved LV function. These findings are consistent irrespective of prior history of CVD, presence of COVID-19 symptoms, or illness severity.
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Hezzy Shmueli et al.
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Tushar Kotecha et al.
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