Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disease, and COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative process that mainly occurs in large- and medium-sized arteries and is morphologically characterized by asymmetric focal thickenings of the innermost layer of the artery, the intima. This process is the basis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the most common cause of death worldwide. Some studies suggest a bidirectional link between atherosclerosis and the consequent CVD with COVID-19. The aims of this narrative review are (1) to provide an overview of the most recent studies that point out a bidirectional relation between COVID-19 and atherosclerosis and (2) to summarize the impact of cardiovascular drugs on COVID-19 outcomes. A growing body of evidence shows that COVID-19 prognosis in individuals with CVD is worse compared with those without. Moreover, various studies have reported the emergence of newly diagnosed patients with CVD after COVID-19. The most common treatments for CVD may influence COVID-19 outcomes. Thus, their implication in the infection process is briefly discussed in this review. A better understanding of the link among atherosclerosis, CVD, and COVID-19 could proactively identify risk factors and, as a result, develop strategies to improve the prognosis for these patients.

Automated summary

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and degenerative process, is closely linked to COVID-19 and subsequent cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of recent studies highlighting the bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and atherosclerosis, as well as summarize the impact of cardiovascular drugs on COVID-19 outcomes. Evidence suggests worse prognosis for COVID-19 patients with pre-existing cardiovascular diseases, and new cases of cardiovascular diseases have been reported after COVID-19. Understanding this link can help identify risk factors and develop strategies to improve the prognosis for these patients.