Quantitative Image Processing for Three-Dimensional Episcopic Images of Biological Structures: Current State and Future Directions

Episcopic imaging using techniques such as High Resolution Episcopic Microscopy (HREM) and its variants, allows biological samples to be visualized in three dimensions over a large field of view. Quantitative analysis of episcopic image data is undertaken using a range of methods. In this systematic review, we look at trends in quantitative analysis of episcopic images and discuss avenues for further research. Papers published between 2011 and 2022 were analyzed for details about quantitative analysis approaches, methods of image annotation and choice of image processing software. It is shown that quantitative processing is becoming more common in episcopic microscopy and that manual annotation is the predominant method of image analysis. Our meta-analysis highlights where tools and methods require further development in this field, and we discuss what this means for the future of quantitative episcopic imaging, as well as how annotation and quantification may be automated and standardized across the field.

Automated summary

Episcopic imaging techniques, such as HREM, have enabled three-dimensional visualization of biological samples. This systematic review analyzes trends in quantitative analysis of episcopic images and discusses the need for further research. The analysis highlights the increasing use of quantitative processing and manual image annotation. Further development in tools and methods, as well as automation and standardization of annotation and quantification, are identified as important for the future of quantitative episcopic imaging.