Immune-regulating camouflaged nanoplatforms: A promising strategy to improve cancer nano-immunotherapy

Although nano-immunotherapy has advanced dramatically in recent times, there remain two significant hurdles related to immune systems in cancer treatment, such as (namely) inevitable immune elimination of nanoplat-forms and severely immunosuppressive microenvironment with low immunogenicity, hampering the perfor-mance of nanomedicines. To address these issues, several immune-regulating camouflaged nanocomposites have emerged as prevailing strategies due to their unique characteristics and specific functionalities. In this review, we emphasize the composition, performances, and mechanisms of various immune-regulating camouflaged nano -platforms, including polymer-coated, cell membrane-camouflaged, and exosome-based nanoplatforms to evade the immune clearance of nanoplatforms or upregulate the immune function against the tumor. Further, we discuss the applications of these immune-regulating camouflaged nanoplatforms in directly boosting cancer immunotherapy and some immunogenic cell death-inducing immunotherapeutic modalities, such as chemo-therapy, photothermal therapy, and reactive oxygen species-mediated immunotherapies, highlighting the cur-rent progress and recent advancements. Finally, we conclude the article with interesting perspectives, suggesting future tendencies of these innovative camouflaged constructs towards their translation pipeline.

Automated summary

This article reviews the challenges in nano-immunotherapy related to immune elimination and immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer treatment. To address these issues, immune-regulating camouflaged nanocomposites have emerged as prevailing strategies. The article discusses the composition, performances, and mechanisms of various immune-regulating nanoplatforms and their applications in cancer immunotherapy and other immunotherapeutic modalities.