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Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
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Summary: There was no difference in viral shedding between outpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) delta (delta) variant who received 2 vaccine doses at 7 days after symptom onset and those who did not receive the vaccine, with SARS-CoV-2 cultured from 2 (7%) of 28 and 1 (4%) of 26 outpatients, respectively.
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Summary: A wastewater surveillance program was conducted in a men's homeless shelter in Toronto, Canada to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus. The surveillance alerted to COVID-19 activity prior to clinical detection, enabling timely measures to be taken. This method of surveillance is particularly beneficial in high-risk congregate living settings like shelters.
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Sean Cavany et al.
Summary: A study suggests that RNA shedding of SARS-CoV-2 into wastewater peaks around 6 days after infection, and wastewater surveillance has limited utility in predicting transmission trends. It may be most useful as an early warning in areas with low transmission or delayed/limited clinical testing.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2022)
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Jatuwat Sangsanont et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the applicability of wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in informing COVID-19 infection in Bangkok, Thailand. The results showed a strong correlation between wastewater surveillance and daily new cases, with monitoring of large wastewater treatment plants providing sufficient information for the city-scale dynamics.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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Engineering, Environmental
Bridgette Hughes et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can be used to infer infection trends by measuring the concentration of infectious substances in wastewater. This study found that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) could be detected in wastewater, and its concentration was closely associated with clinical positivity rates. Since RSV infections have similar clinical presentations to COVID-19 and can be life-threatening, WBE could serve as an important tool to enhance RSV surveillance and public health response efforts.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
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Helen C. Stankiewicz Karita et al.
Summary: This study aims to characterize the early SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA load in individuals with incident infections in association with COVID-19 symptom onset and severity.
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Environmental Sciences
Yuke Wang et al.
Summary: As COVID-19 continues to spread globally, wastewater-based surveillance can provide early warning of outbreaks at institutions. However, weekly wastewater monitoring may not be sensitive enough to detect sporadic cases in residence buildings, although there is a correlation between the Ct values of wastewater samples and the number of COVID-19 patients.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
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Jillian Wright et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology is widely used globally to quantify SARS-CoV-2 in communities. This study compared wastewater monitoring with random clinical testing on a university campus in the Southwestern United States. The results showed a strong positive correlation between wastewater monitoring and clinical testing, and wastewater monitoring was more cost-effective.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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Jiaying Li et al.
Summary: Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewer systems using passive sampling devices is an effective approach for understanding COVID-19 transmission. This study found that the passive samplers could detect the virus shed by >2 COVID-19 infection cases in 10,000 people and identified the presence of the virus in wastewater one week ahead of clinical reporting.
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Microbiology
Melissa Wilson et al.
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Jiwon Jung et al.
Summary: This cohort study found that although the initial genomic viral load was similar between individuals with breakthrough infections and those without, fully vaccinated individuals had a shorter duration of viable viral shedding and a lower secondary attack rate.
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Environmental Sciences
Patrick M. D'Aoust et al.
Summary: Clinical testing has been crucial in monitoring and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, but as the disease transitions into an endemic state, wastewater surveillance (WWS) becomes an important diagnostic tool. This study explores the ratio of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater signal to clinical cases (WC) across seven Canadian cities. The findings show that inadequate clinical testing led to an increase in the WC ratio despite an increase in wastewater signal. Additionally, significant decreases in the WC ratio may indicate the emergence of different variants of concern (VOC) and their impact on community immunity.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
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Environmental Sciences
N. Jain et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based surveillance has proven to be an effective tool for monitoring the transmission of SARSCoV-2 in both small and large-scale communities. A study conducted at the University of Saskatchewan demonstrated the usefulness of this method in tracking the virus in university residences and the campus as a whole. The findings showed similarities in detection frequencies and viral loads between the wastewater samples collected from the residences and the samples taken from the wastewater treatment plant. Additionally, the self-reported rates of infection on campus aligned with the increases in viral load detected in the wastewater samples. These results highlight the cost-effectiveness and utility of wastewater-based surveillance in monitoring COVID-19 spread.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
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Brienna L. Anderson-Coughlin et al.
Summary: Wastewater surveillance has been proven to be a valuable tool in complementing clinical testing during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, applying this surveillance approach to small populations, such as dormitories and assisted living facilities, presents challenges in terms of sample collection and processing. This study compared wastewater and clinical data, and evaluated wastewater collection practices to enhance virus detection sensitivity.
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Claire M. Welling et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 on college campuses can detect individual clinical COVID-19 cases at the building level. High concordance between wastewater results and clinical cases has been observed, especially in settings with high infection rates. Daily wastewater collection and using a criteria of two consecutive days of positive wastewater signals is the most predictive approach to timely early warning of COVID-19 cases at the building level.
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(2022)
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Environmental Sciences
Noluxabiso Mangwana et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy of targeted wastewater surveillance for mitigating outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in student residences at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, showing success in early detection and management strategies, as well as tracking the surge of Delta and Omicron variants in the student residences.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
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Emily Lu et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology is an effective tool for monitoring the spread of infectious diseases and illicit drug use within communities. This study found a significant correlation between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 genes in wastewater and the number of infections, indicating that wastewater signals increase with the census of infected individuals.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
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Rosa de Llanos et al.
Summary: Wastewater surveillance is a valuable tool for tracing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as it allows for monitoring both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. A pilot program conducted at University Jaume I in Spain showed that the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater was influenced by the COVID-19 incidence on campus and the occupancy of buildings. Additionally, sequencing of selected samples revealed the presence of viral variants, indicating the evolution of the virus over time.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
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Sarah M. Prasek et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology has been used as an early warning tool for disease outbreaks, and this study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater from six municipalities with different demographics. It found that fecal shedding rates varied between communities and were influenced by population demographics, with populations aged 30-39 having the highest rates. The study also observed an increase in rates when the Delta variant became predominant.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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Elisabeth Mercier et al.
Summary: Global clinical surveillance is crucial for monitoring and reporting influenza strains, while wastewater surveillance (WWS) can serve as a less resource-intensive alternative. Our study shows that influenza virus targets are stable in wastewater and can be used to forecast flu outbreaks with a 17-day lead time, providing real-time viral subtyping at the municipal and neighborhood levels using minimal resources and infrastructure.
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Miguel Garcia-Knight et al.
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Lena Carolin Bitter et al.
Summary: Due to increased population density, high-risk behavior of young students, and lower vaccination rates, university campuses are considered hotspots for COVID-19 transmission. This study monitored the SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in wastewater from a Canadian university campus for a year to provide actionable information for safe COVID-19 management on campus. The findings showed that wastewater signals were strongly correlated with clinically confirmed COVID-19 cases on campus.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Shireen M. Kotay et al.
Summary: This article demonstrates the value of building-level wastewater surveillance as an early warning system for informing the need for prevalence testing in congregated living settings like university dormitories. Daily coordination of wastewater and clinical testing helped identify unrecognized infected occupants. The trends in wastewater detection aligned with clinical positivity and epidemiology, but convalescent shedding hampered the predictive ability to detect new positive cases. Building-level wastewater monitoring paired with regular testing of individuals is an effective approach for mitigating outbreaks in congregate living settings.
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Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Soo-kyung Park et al.
Summary: This study in Korea found that the gastrointestinal tract could be a route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 even in patients with asymptomatic or mild disease, with no gastrointestinal symptoms, and shedding of virus into feces may be related to viral load in respiratory specimens.
CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
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M. Petala et al.
Summary: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage is used as an early warning indicator of virus spreading in communities, but the accuracy of quantitative measurements may be affected by the adsorption of virus fragments onto suspended solids in wastewater. Factors such as the presence of other dissolved chemicals can influence the capacity of adsorption. The research develops a physicochemical model to rationalize the quantitative measurements of viral fragments in sewage, with the ratio of specific absorption over dissolved oxygen showing the highest correlation with viral copies.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
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Immunology
Saathvik R. Kannan et al.
Summary: The study revealed differences in the mutational profile between Delta and Delta Plus variants, with Delta Plus having more high-prevalence mutations and unique signature mutations. Structural analysis showed that these mutations can weaken the interactions between the virus and antibodies.
JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY
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Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Gopiram Syangtan et al.
Summary: Asymptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in magnifying the transmission of COVID-19, with children and females more likely to present as asymptomatic cases. Therefore, establishing a mass surveillance system to track potential asymptomatic cases is essential, with special attention to females and children.
FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Letter
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Laura Davo et al.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION
(2021)
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Zahra Noorimotlagh et al.
Summary: The possibility of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor air environments has been highlighted in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Measures such as improving ventilation, maintaining interpersonal distance, and considering the airborne transmission route are crucial for protecting health.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2021)
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Mohammad Rafiee et al.
Summary: The study compared the performance of Moore swabs, composite (16-h), and grab samples in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples, revealing that Moore swabs and composite samples are more sensitive and accurate than grab samples, suggesting the effectiveness of Moore swabs for sewage monitoring activities.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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Bradley W. Schmitz et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology was effective in identifying and reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission events in student dormitories, with 79.2% of infections found to be asymptomatic.
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Warish Ahmed et al.
Summary: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater can serve as an early warning system to identify viral hotspots and target localized public health responses. This method provides unique information on asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases that may not be captured by clinical testing, showing potential for effective disease surveillance.
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Walter Q. Betancourt et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based epidemiology has shown potential as an early-warning tool for detecting the presence of COVID-19 in communities. By utilizing wastewater testing, infected individuals were identified and isolated, thereby preventing potential disease transmission.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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Lisa M. Colosi et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 at the individual building level is efficient for early detection, but cannot distinguish new infectious cases from convalescent shedding. Further refinement is needed to enhance the ability to differentiate between the two.
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
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Ryland Corchis-Scott et al.
Summary: A wastewater surveillance program targeting a university residence hall successfully detected cases of Alpha variant COVID-19 and triggered a public health response to prevent an outbreak on campus.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
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Patrick M. D'Aoust et al.
Summary: The study found that wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 can help predict increases in community cases and hospitalizations, providing an important complement to diagnostic testing in public health efforts.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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Luke S. Hillary et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in wastewater generally corresponded with the number of clinical cases in large urban centers, decreasing significantly after lockdown measures were implemented. Genetic sequencing of the virus in wastewater revealed multiple distinct clusters circulating in the local population, reflecting similarities with SNPs found in clinical samples. The findings suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology can be a valuable tool for monitoring and tracking the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in the community, aiding in public health policy decisions.
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Engineering, Environmental
Laura Sala-Comorera et al.
Summary: The study found that the persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in water was temperature dependent, with the virus remaining infectious for longer periods in colder temperatures. In contrast, viral RNA was relatively stable. The use of surrogate markers such as bacteriophages MS2 and PMMoV RNA showed significant differences in decay rates compared to SARS-CoV-2 RNA, limiting their effectiveness in assessing the persistence of the virus in the environment.
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Environmental Sciences
Laura C. Scott et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy of targeted wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a university campus during Fall 2020 semester, and found that the temporal trends of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples mirrored trends in detected COVID-19 cases on campus. Normalizing SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations using a human fecal indicator, PMMV, enhanced the correlation between N1 and N2 gene abundances in wastewater with COVID-19 cases.
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Christelle Schang et al.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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Immunology
Lianlian Bian et al.
Summary: The Delta variant has caused a new wave of COVID-19 epidemic, requiring a higher proportion of the population to be vaccinated to reduce disease burden. Existing vaccines have shown decreased protective efficacy against the Delta variant, with a decline in neutralizing antibody titers post-vaccination. Accelerating vaccine coverage and intervention measures like mask-wearing are effective ways to control the spread of the Delta variant.
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Ying Liu et al.
Summary: The Delta variant is rapidly replacing other strains of SARS-CoV-2, with a higher R-0 value of 5.08 compared to the ancestral strain's 2.79. Increasing vaccine coverage and strengthening public health measures are now more urgent than ever to control the spread of the virus.
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Terry C. Jones et al.
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Environmental Sciences
Cynthia Gibas et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic poses increased risks of illness in group environments, prompting interest in wastewater-based epidemiology as a tool for outbreak mitigation. A pilot program at UNC Charlotte demonstrated the effectiveness of wastewater surveillance in detecting asymptomatic cases and complementing existing monitoring strategies on campus.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
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Medicine, General & Internal
Julia Hippisley-Cox et al.
Summary: This study derived and validated risk prediction algorithms to estimate the risk of covid-19 related mortality and hospital admission in UK adults after one or two doses of covid-19 vaccination. The study found that the risk of covid-19 mortality and hospital admission was associated with age, sex, ethnic origin, deprivation, body mass index, a range of comorbidities, and SARS-CoV-2 infection rate. Various conditions, such as Down's syndrome, kidney transplantation, sickle cell disease, and certain other diseases, were identified as having higher risk of covid-19 mortality.
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Microbiology
Smruthi Karthikeyan et al.
Summary: Wastewater-based surveillance is a cost-effective and efficient way to forecast COVID-19 infection dynamics, especially on university campuses. Automated sample processing can significantly reduce turnaround time and costs, making it a valuable tool for long-term surveillance in high-risk environments like college campuses.
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Anna Petherick et al.
Summary: During the COVID-19 pandemic, adherence to physical distancing decreased globally from March to December 2020, while mask-wearing adherence increased. Concerns over 'pandemic fatigue' have been raised as the pandemic continues. The study examined changes in adherence to protective behaviors against COVID-19, showing meaningful and geographically widespread shifts in adherence levels.
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Shayan Shiehzadegan et al.
Summary: The Delta variant, known as B.1.617.2, is 60% more transmissible than the alpha variant and has become the dominant strain globally. Vaccine companies like AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech, and Moderna have reported slightly reduced efficacy in protecting against this variant.
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Yaping Wang et al.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Petra Mlcochova et al.
Summary: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has lower sensitivity to antibodies and higher replication efficiency compared to other lineages, which may contribute to its dominance and reduced vaccine effectiveness, highlighting the need for continued infection control measures post-vaccination.
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