The Role of Thoracic Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Chest Wall, the Mediastinum, and the Diaphragm-Narrative Review and Pictorial Essay

The diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound extend far beyond the evaluation of the pleural space and lungs. Sonographic evaluation of the chest wall is a classic extension of the clinical examination of visible, palpable, or dolent findings. Unclear mass lesions of the chest wall can be differentiated accurately and with low risk by additional techniques such as color Doppler imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and, in particular, ultrasound-guided biopsy. For imaging of mediastinal pathologies, ultrasound has only a complementary function but is valuable for guidance of percutaneous biopsies of malignant masses. In emergency medicine, ultrasound can verify and support correct positioning of endotracheal tubes. Diaphragmatic ultrasound benefits from the real-time nature of sonographic imaging and is becoming increasingly important for the assessment of diaphragmatic function in long-term ventilated patients. The clinical role of thoracic ultrasound is reviewed in a combination of narrative review and pictorial essay.

Automated summary

The diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound go beyond evaluation of the pleural space and lungs. Ultrasound can accurately differentiate unclear mass lesions of the chest wall through additional techniques such as color Doppler imaging, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and ultrasound-guided biopsy. It has a complementary function in imaging mediastinal pathologies, guiding percutaneous biopsies, and verifying endotracheal tube positioning in emergency medicine. Diaphragmatic ultrasound is increasingly important for assessing diaphragmatic function in long-term ventilated patients.