Investigation of the Three-Dimensional Hybrid Casson Nanofluid Flow: A Cattaneo-Christov Theory

We consider the Casson hybrid nanofluid (HN) (ZnO + Ag/Casson fluid) that flows steadily along a two-directional stretchable sheet under the influence of an applied changing magnetic flux and is electrically conducting. The basic Casson and Cattaneo- Christov double diffusion (CCDD) formulations are used for the simulation of the problem. This is the first study on the analysis of the Casson hybrid nanofluid by using the CCDD model. The use of these models generalize basic Fick's and Fourier's laws. The current produced due to the magnetic parameter is taken into consideration by using the generalized Oham law. The problem is formulated and then transformed to a coupled set of ordinary differential equations. The simplified set of equations is solved using the homotopy analysis method. The obtained results are presented through tables and graphs for various state variables. A comparative survey in all the graphs is presented for the nanofluid (ZnO/Casson fluid) with the HN (ZnO + Ag/Casson fluid). These graphs depict the effect of various pertinent parameters, like Pr, M, Sc, gamma, Nt, m, Nb, delta 1, and delta 2, varying values over the flow. The Hall current parameter m and stretching ratio parameter gamma show increasing trends for the velocity gradient, while the magnetic parameter and the flux of mass depict opposite trends for the same profile. The increasing values of the relaxation coefficients show an opposite trend. Furthermore, the ZnO + Ag/Casson fluid shows a good performance in the transfer of heat and thus can be used for cooling purposes to increase the efficiency of the system.

Automated summary

This study uses the basic Casson fluid and Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion model to simulate the behavior of the Casson hybrid nanofluid flowing steadily along a two-directional stretchable sheet under the influence of changing magnetic flux and electrical conductivity. The problem is formulated as a set of coupled ordinary differential equations and solved using the homotopy analysis method. The results show the effects of various parameters on the flow, and the ZnO + Ag/Casson fluid demonstrates good heat transfer performance, making it suitable for cooling applications to enhance system efficiency.