Microglia activation and neuronal alterations in retinas from COVID-19 patients: correlation with clinical parameters

Article Ophthalmology

Retinal microvascular abnormalities in patients after COVID-19 depending on disease severity

Miguel Angel Zapata et al.

Summary: This study found that patients with moderate and severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia had decreased central retinal vascular density.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

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Article Ophthalmology

Histopathological assessments reveal retinal vascular changes, inflammation, and gliosis in patients with lethal COVID-19

Vijay K. Jidigam et al.

Summary: This study aims to assess histopathological changes in the retina and choroid of COVID-19 patients and determine long-term sequelae. The results show hemorrhagic spots and vitreous debris in COVID-19 eyes, with an increase in retinal thickness. Histological analysis reveals hemorrhages and degeneration. The study indicates severe subclinical abnormalities in COVID-19 eyes, highlighting the need to understand the long-term effects of the virus on ocular physiology.

GRAEFES ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces endothelial inflammation through integrin α5β1 and NF-κB signaling

Juan Pablo Robles et al.

Summary: COVID-19 causes dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells, leading to edema, vascular inflammation, and coagulation. This study reveals that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 activates the inflammatory response in endothelial cells through binding with integrin alpha 5 beta 1, resulting in the expression of inflammatory and coagulation factors, as well as increased vascular permeability and leukocyte adhesion. These findings highlight integrin alpha 5 beta 1 as a potential target for treating vascular inflammation in COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Review Ophthalmology

COVID-19-Related Retinal Micro-vasculopathy - A Review of Current Evidence

Kelvin Yc Teo et al.

Summary: The systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the occurrence of retinal microvasculopathy in patients with COVID-19, showing a significantly higher likelihood of such condition in COVID-19 patients compared to controls. OCTA revealed reduced vessel density and enlarged foveal avascular zone in COVID-19 patients.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2022)

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Article Ophthalmology

Relationship of Epiretinal Membrane Formation and Macular Edema Development in a Large Cohort of Uveitic Eyes

Debarshi Mustafi et al.

Summary: This study identified a higher incidence of ERM and ME in posterior uveitis and panuveitis associated with systemic diseases. The temporal analysis showed that ERM was usually present concurrently or prior to the development of ME.

OCULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION (2021)

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Article Ophthalmology

Henle fibre layer haemorrhage: clinical features and pathogenesis

Caroline R. Baumal et al.

Summary: This study described the clinical presentation and imaging features of deep retinal haemorrhages in the Henle fibre layer (HFL), and proposed the term 'Henle fiber layer hemorrhage (HH)' to describe this condition. The haemorrhages were associated with various disorders and often resolved spontaneously within 3 months in patients with follow-up.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Aging in COVID-19: Vulnerability, immunity and intervention

Yiyin Chen et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic originating from Wuhan in December 2019 has had far-reaching health and socioeconomic impacts worldwide. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is highly heterogeneous, with age, gender, and comorbidities playing key roles in disease severity and outcomes. Aging and dysregulation of immune function are thought to contribute to the increased vulnerability of older adults to severe COVID-19. Further research on immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in different age groups, is crucial for understanding disease heterogeneity and developing effective vaccines.

AGEING RESEARCH REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Virology

Defining IL-6 levels in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis

Elias A. Said et al.

Summary: This meta-analysis is the first to report IL-6 levels in the blood of healthy donors based on a large number of studies, with a pooled estimate of 5.186 pg/ml. Results showed that IL-6 values increased by 0.05 pg/ml for every 1 year increase in age. Despite heterogeneity, differences in IL-6 values were within a few pg/ml range, possibly due to varying conditions impacting IL-6 production in the healthy population.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity

Petter Brodin

Summary: The severity of COVID-19 varies by sex and age, and is linked to comorbidities. Differences in immune reactions may go some way to explain this.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19

Jenny Meinhardt et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx and brain, suggesting the virus may enter the CNS through the olfactory mucosa. The virus utilizes the neural-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa to penetrate the nervous system, affecting various neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentation

Om Prakash Mehta et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading viral disease transmitted via respiratory droplets, which can affect multiple organ systems. Understanding its diverse clinical presentations can aid in early diagnosis and prevention.

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Short-term high-fat feeding exacerbates degeneration in retinitis pigmentosa by promoting retinal oxidative stress and inflammation

Oksana Kutsyr et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Geriatrics & Gerontology

Dystrophic microglia are associated with neurodegenerative disease and not healthy aging in the human brain

Ryan K. Shahidehpour et al.

Summary: The study found an age-associated increase in dystrophic microglia in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, but this increase was proportional to the total number of microglia, suggesting aging alone does not explain the presence of dystrophic microglia. Dystrophic microglia, rather than hypertrophic microglia, were found to be the disease-associated microglia morphology. Furthermore, changes in iron homeostasis in dystrophic microglia were identified as a potential molecular mechanism driving the degeneration of microglia in neurodegenerative disease.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING (2021)

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Review Immunology

Age-related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID-19

Giorgio Costagliola et al.

Summary: COVID-19 presents with a wide spectrum of severity, with differences in immune responses between adult and pediatric patients. Children have a stronger ability to respond to viral infections and a lower baseline pro-inflammatory state, while elderly patients are more susceptible to severe manifestations due to chronic increase of pro-inflammatory mediators leading to immune dysregulation.

IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

COVID-19 mortality as a fingerprint of biological age

M. Cristina Polidori et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a global emergency that can overwhelm healthcare systems worldwide, particularly affecting the elderly. Identifying vulnerable populations is essential for taking targeted actions to address the risks associated with the disease.

AGEING RESEARCH REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COVID-19 neuropathology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital

Kiran T. Thakur et al.

Summary: Many patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit neurological signs and symptoms, but autopsy results show that most brains have low levels of detectable virus and it does not correlate with the histopathological alterations.

BRAIN (2021)

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Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via Downregulation of ACE 2

Yuyang Lei et al.

CIRCULATION RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Ophthalmology

An Update on COVID-19 Related Ophthalmic Manifestations

Kristina Jevnikar et al.

Summary: The reported prevalence of ophthalmic manifestations is generally low, but correlates positively with the severity of the disease. The most commonly reported ocular manifestations include conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia, and retinal hemorrhages.

OCULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION (2021)

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Review Ophthalmology

Pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the vulnerability of aging human photoreceptor cells

Tapas C. Nag

Summary: This review summarizes age-related changes in photoreceptor cells, particularly cones, and analyzes potential factors such as oxidative and nitrosative stress. Findings include lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial aberrations in aging photoreceptor cells. The redistribution of specific proteins and anomalies in cones can predict increased vulnerability with aging.

EYE (2021)

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Article Ophthalmology

Presumed SARS-CoV-2 Viral Particles in the Human Retina of Patients With COVID-19

Carlla A. Araujo-Silva et al.

Summary: The study suggests the presence of presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in the eyes of patients with COVID-19, which may be related to ocular abnormalities associated with the infection.

JAMA OPHTHALMOLOGY (2021)

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Article Ophthalmology

Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 in Human Retina and Diabetes-Implications for Retinopathy

Lingli Zhou et al.

Summary: The study found that ACE2 was expressed in multiple nonvascular neuroretinal cells and significantly more ACE2 positive vessels were observed in diabetic retinopathy specimens. In contrast, ACE2 showed apical expression in tubular epithelial cells in the kidney affected by diabetes, but no endothelial expression in glomerular or peritubular capillaries. TMPRSS2 expression was present in multiple retinal neuronal cells, vascular and perivascular cells, and Muller glia.

INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Review Ophthalmology

Interpretation of OCT and OCTA images from a histological approach: Clinical and experimental implications

Nicolas Cuenca et al.

PROGRESS IN RETINAL AND EYE RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Microbiology

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

Alexander E. Gorbalenya et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Ophthalmology

The possibility of COVID-19 transmission from eye to nose

Huiling Qing et al.

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA (2020)

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Article Emergency Medicine

Lactate dehydrogenase levels predict coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and mortality: A pooled analysis

Brandon Michael Henry et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Virology

Elevated level of C-reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID-19

Nurshad Ali

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Ophthalmology

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Human Retinal Biopsies of Deceased COVID-19 Patients

Maria Casagrande et al.

OCULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION (2020)

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Article Virology

Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C -reactive protein, patients with COVID-19 and procalcitonin in

Fang Liu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis

Ian Huang et al.

JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE CARE (2020)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Neurological associations of COVID-19

Mark A. Ellul et al.

LANCET NEUROLOGY (2020)

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Letter Ophthalmology

SARS-CoV-2 Targeting the Retina: Host-virus Interaction and Possible Mechanisms of Viral Tropism

Camila Saggioro de Figueiredo et al.

OCULAR IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19: Results from the SERPICO-19 study

Alessandro Invernizzi et al.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2020)

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Article Ophthalmology

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS, LONG-TERM SURGICAL OUTCOMES, AND PROGNOSTIC FACTORS OF EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE IN YOUNG PATIENTS

Wenwen Chen et al.

RETINA-THE JOURNAL OF RETINAL AND VITREOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Article Anatomy & Morphology

Localization of nitro-tyrosine immunoreactivity in human retina

Tapas C. Nag et al.

ANNALS OF ANATOMY-ANATOMISCHER ANZEIGER (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

Systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide aggravates inherited retinal dystrophy

Agustina Noailles et al.

CELL DEATH & DISEASE (2018)

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Microglia in the primate macula: specializations in microglial distribution and morphology with retinal position and with aging

Janani Singaravelu et al.

BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION (2017)

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Disease-related microglia heterogeneity in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and hippocampal sclerosis of aging

Adam D. Bachstetter et al.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA COMMUNICATIONS (2015)

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Article Ophthalmology

Cellular responses following retinal injuries and therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases

Nicolas Cuenca et al.

PROGRESS IN RETINAL AND EYE RESEARCH (2014)

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Article Pathology

Interferon γ-Dependent Migration of Microglial Cells in the Retina after Systemic Cytomegalovirus Infection

Martin S. Zinkernagel et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2013)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

ACE2, angiotensin-(1-7) and Mas receptor axis in inflammation and fibrosis

A. C. Simoes e Silva et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2013)

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Review Ophthalmology

Blood-retinal barrier in hypoxic ischaemic conditions: Basic concepts, clinical features and management

C. Kaur et al.

PROGRESS IN RETINAL AND EYE RESEARCH (2008)

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Review Ophthalmology

Muller cells in the healthy and diseased retina

Andreas Bringmann et al.

PROGRESS IN RETINAL AND EYE RESEARCH (2006)

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Glial remodeling and neural plasticity in human retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy

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JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2001)

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Microglia activation and neuronal alterations in retinas from COVID-19 patients: correlation with clinical parameters

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