Journal
ANTIBIOTICS-BASEL
Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030571
Keywords
macrophages; polarization; postbiotics; immune responses
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Macrophage polarization is a process where specific features are acquired by macrophages, represented by M1 and M2 polarization. M1 macrophages include IL-6, IL-1 beta, IL-12, and IL-8, while M2 cytokines include TGF-beta. This study explores the effects of tyndallized bacteria (TB) on macrophage polarization.
Macrophage polarization is a dynamic process through which macrophages acquire specific features whose extremes are represented by M1 and M2 polarization. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 beta, IL-12 and IL-8 belong to M1 macrophages while transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta belongs to M2 cytokines. M2 polarization prevalence is observed in allergic diseases. Tyndallization is a thermal process able to inactivate microorganisms and to allow their use for chronic respiratory disease treatment via immune response modulation. The present study explores the effects of a blend of tyndallized bacteria (TB) on macrophage polarization. THP-1-derived macrophages were exposed to different concentrations of TB (10(6), 5 x 10(6), 10(7), 5 x 10(7), 10(8) CFU/mL) and then cell viability and TB phagocytosis, and IL-8, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-12 and TGF-beta 1 gene expression and release were assessed. TB were tolerated, phagocyted and able to increase IL-8, IL-1 beta and IL-6 gene expression and release IL-12 gene expression, as well as decrease TGF-beta 1 gene expression and release. The effects on IL-8, IL-6 and TGF-beta 1 release were confirmed in human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) exposed to TB. In conclusion, TB promote M1 polarization, and this mechanism might have valuable potential in controlling allergic diseases and infections, possibly preventing disease exacerbations.
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