Coral reef resilience persisted for a millennium but has declined rapidly in recent decades

The lack of long-term records of coral community composition restricts our understanding of the contemporary ecological states of tropical reefs. Here we integrated paleo-ecological reconstruction, historical mortality evidence, and ecological survey data to determine the temporal variability in reef resilience of the Nansha atolls in the tropical western Pacific. Subfossil coral assemblages extracted from the reef cores exhibited no evidence of community shifts attributable to centennial-scale changes in El Nino variability during the last millennium, suggesting long-term stability in community structure and persistence of reef resilience. By contrast, ecological surveys revealed a major collapse in the reef ecosystem, and high-precision U-series dating of dead Acropora fragments indicated that this collapse occurred in recent decades and was especially relevant to several strong/extreme El Nino episodes. Frequent and intensive El Nino-Southern Oscillation and marine heatwaves have overwhelmed the reefs' resistive and recovery capacity, thereby impairing reef resilience.

Automated summary

This study investigates the temporal variability in reef resilience of the Nansha atolls in the tropical western Pacific by integrating paleo-ecological reconstruction, historical mortality evidence, and ecological survey data. The results show long-term stability in community structure and persistence of reef resilience, with no evidence of community shifts attributable to centennial-scale changes in El Nino variability. However, recent ecological surveys reveal a major collapse in the reef ecosystem, particularly related to strong/extreme El Nino episodes.