Widely Targeted Metabolomics Reveals Metabolite Diversity in Jalapeno and Serrano Chile Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

Chile peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) are good sources of vitamins and minerals that can be included in the diet to mitigate nutritional deficiencies. Metabolomics examines the metabolites involved in biological pathways to understand the genes related to complex phenotypes such as the nutritional quality traits. The current study surveys the different metabolites present in jalapeno ('NuMex Pumpkin Spice') and serrano ('NuMex LotaLutein') type chile peppers grown in New Mexico using a widely targeted metabolomics approach, with the 'NuMex LotaLutein' as control. A total of 1088 different metabolites were detected, where 345 metabolites were differentially expressed; 203 (59%) were downregulated and 142 (41%) were upregulated (i.e., relative metabolite content is higher in 'NuMex Pumpkin Spice'). The upregulated metabolites comprised mostly of phenolic acids (42), flavonoids (22), and organic acids (13). Analyses of principal component (PC) and orthogonal partial least squares demonstrated clustering based on cultivars, where at least 60% of variation was attributed to the first two PCs. Pathway annotation identified 89 metabolites which are involved in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Altogether, metabolomics provided insights into the different metabolites present which can be targeted for breeding and selection towards the improvement of nutritional quality traits in Capsicum.

Automated summary

This study conducted a metabolomics analysis of jalapeno ('NuMex Pumpkin Spice') and serrano ('NuMex LotaLutein') type chile peppers grown in New Mexico. A total of 1088 different metabolites were detected, and 345 metabolites showed significant differences in expression between the two types of peppers. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares demonstrated clustering of the peppers based on cultivars. Pathway annotation revealed 89 metabolites involved in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Overall, metabolomics analysis provided valuable insights for improving the nutritional quality traits of Capsicum.