Sex-Related Effects of Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome-Related Diabetic Retinopathy

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disease of metabolic abnormalities, including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss among working-aged adults around the world and is the most frequent complication in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. The gut microbiota are a complex ecosystem made up of more than 100 trillion of microbial cells and their composition and diversity have been identified as potential risk factors for the development of several metabolic disorders, including MetS, T2D, DR and CVD. Biomarkers are used to monitor or analyse biological processes, therapeutic responses, as well as for the early detection of pathogenic disorders. Here, we discuss molecular mechanisms underlying MetS, the effects of biological sex in MetS-related DR and gut microbiota, as well as the latest advances in biomarker research in the field. We conclude that sex may play an important role in gut microbiota influencing MetS-related DR.

Automated summary

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disease involving metabolic abnormalities and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients and can lead to vision loss. The gut microbiota, with their composition and diversity, have been identified as potential risk factors for the development of MetS, T2D, DR, and CVD. Biomarkers are used to monitor biological processes, therapeutic responses, and detect pathogenic disorders. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms of MetS, the role of biological sex in MetS-related DR and gut microbiota, and the latest advances in biomarker research.