Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus nsp7 Inhibits MDA5 Dephosphorylation to Antagonize Type I Interferon Production

Since late 2010, a reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with high pathogenesis has swept through most pig farms in many countries, resulting in significant economic losses. Coronavirus nonstructural protein 7 (nsp7), conserved within the family Coronaviridae, combines with nsp8 and nsp12 to form the viral replication and transcription complex that is indispensable for viral replication. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a reemerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes high mortality in piglets and has catastrophic effects on the global pig industry. PEDV-encoded nonstructural protein 7 (nsp7) is an important component of the viral replication and transcription complex, and a previous study reported that it inhibits poly(I:C)-induced type I interferon (IFN) production, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of PEDV nsp7 antagonized Sendai virus (SeV)-induced interferon beta (IFN-beta) production, as well as the activation of transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in both HEK-293T and LLC-PK1 cells. Mechanistically, PEDV nsp7 targets melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) and interacts with its caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), which sequester the interactions between MDA5 and the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) catalytic subunits (PP1 alpha and PP1 gamma), thereby suppressing MDA5 S828 dephosphorylation and keeping MDA5 inactive. Furthermore, PEDV infection attenuated MDA5 multimerization and MDA5-PP1 alpha/-gamma interactions. We also tested the nsp7 orthologs of five other mammalian coronaviruses and found that all of them except severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nsp7 inhibited MDA5 multimerization and SeV- or MDA5-induced IFN-beta production. Collectively, these results suggest that the inhibition of MDA5 dephosphorylation and multimerization may be a common strategy employed by PEDV and some other coronaviruses to antagonize MDA5-mediated IFN production.IMPORTANCE Since late 2010, a reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus variant with high pathogenesis has swept through most pig farms in many countries, resulting in significant economic losses. Coronavirus nonstructural protein 7 (nsp7), conserved within the family Coronaviridae, combines with nsp8 and nsp12 to form the viral replication and transcription complex that is indispensable for viral replication. However, the function of nsp7 in the infection and pathogenesis of coronaviruses remains largely unknown. Our present study demonstrates that PEDV nsp7 specifically competes with PP1 for binding MDA5 and impedes the PP1-mediated dephosphorylation of MDA5 at S828, thereby blocking MDA5-mediated IFN production, revealing the complex mechanism utilized by PEDV nsp7 to efficiently escape host innate immunity.

Automated summary

Since late 2010, a highly pathogenic variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused significant economic losses in pig farms worldwide. The nonstructural protein 7 (nsp7) plays a crucial role in viral replication and transcription complex formation, but its function in coronavirus infection and pathogenesis is still unclear. This study reveals that PEDV nsp7 inhibits interferon beta (IFN-beta) production by competing with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) for binding melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), preventing MDA5 dephosphorylation and activation. Furthermore, the researchers found similar abilities in nsp7 orthologs of other coronaviruses, suggesting a common strategy used by these viruses to evade the host immune response.