Conformational Analysis of Charged Homo-Polypeptides

Many proteins have intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), which are often characterized by a high fraction of charged residues with polyampholytic (i.e., mixed charge) or polyelectrolytic (i.e., uniform charge) characteristics. Polyelectrolytic IDRs include consecutive positively charged Lys or Arg residues (K/R repeats) or consecutive negatively charged Asp or Glu residues (D/E repeats). In previous research, D/E repeats were found to be about five times longer than K/R repeats and to be much more common in eukaryotes. Within these repeats, a preference is often observed for E over D and for K over R. To understand the greater prevalence of D/E over K/R repeats and the higher abundance of E and K, we simulated the conformational ensemble of charged homo-polypeptides (polyK, polyR, polyD, and polyE) using molecular dynamics simulations. The conformational preferences and dynamics of these polyelectrolytic polypeptides change with changes in salt concentration. In particular, polyD and polyE are more sensitive to salt than polyK and polyR, as polyD and polyE tend to adsorb more divalent cations, which leads to their having more compact conformations. We conclude with a discussion of biophysical explanations for the relative abundance of charged amino acids and particularly for the greater abundance of D/E repeats over K/R repeats.

Automated summary

Many proteins have disordered regions with high fractions of charged residues, either mixed charge or uniform charge. Previous research found that negatively charged D/E repeats are longer and more common in eukaryotes compared to positively charged K/R repeats. The conformational preferences and dynamics of these charged polypeptides change with salt concentration, with D/E repeats being more sensitive to salt and tending to adsorb more divalent cations. The greater prevalence of D/E repeats and the higher abundance of E and K can be explained by biophysical factors.