The Dynamic Response of Runoff to Human Activities and Climate Change Based on a Combined Hierarchical Structure Hydrological Model and Vector Autoregressive Model

Climate change refers to a statistically significant change in the average state of the climate or a climate alteration that lasts for a long period of time. Runoff (R) is as a measure of the interaction between climate change and human activities and plays an important role in the hydrological cycle, as it is directly related to the development of agricultural water management. Therefore, it is a requirement to correctly simulate R and have the ability to separate the impacts due to climate change and human activities. In this paper, five single-type simulation models (Back Propagation Neural Network (BP), Non-Autoregressive (NAR), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and TOPMODEL Hydrological Model (TOPMODEL)) were adopted to simulate the R to analyze the simulating quality by comparing the evaluation indexes like relative error (RE), relative mean squared error (RMSE) and Nash-Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) with the combined hierarchical structure hydrological (CHSH) simulation model. In traditional studies, only the relative contribution of the impacts of human activities and climate change on R are considered; however, in this study, the relative contribution of each meteorological factor affecting R is included. To quantitatively analyze the impact of human activities and climate change on R, we used a CHSH simulation model to calculate runoff values for the Lancang River of China for a period of nine years (2005-2013). Our objective was to use this type of model to improve both the accuracy and stability of calculated values of R. For example, the RE, RMSE and NSE of simulated monthly R calculated with the CHSH model were 6.41%, 6.67 x 10(8) m(3) and 0.94, respectively. These values substantiate the improved accuracy and stability of calculated values of R obtained with single-type simulation models (the SVM model, for instance, widely used in runoff simulations, and the RE, RMSE and NSE were 14.1%, 12.19 x 10(8) m(3) and 0.87, respectively). The total contribution of human activities and climate change to R, respectively, accounted for 34% and 66% for the nine-year period based on the CHSH model. Furthermore, we adopted a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the impacts of the meteorological factors on R. The results from this analysis showed that R has a strong fluctuation response to the changes in precipitation (P) and potential water evaporation (E-p). The contribution rates of E-p, P and air temperature (T-a) to R were 15%, 14% and 2%, respectively. Based on the total climate change contribution, the corresponding contribution rates of E-p, T-a and P in the Lancang River of China were 32%, 30% and 5%, respectively. The values of R calculated with the CHSH model are more accurate and stable compared to values obtained with single-type simulation model. Further, they have the advantage of avoiding drawbacks associated when using a single-type simulation model. Moreover, moving away from the traditional method of separating the impact of meteorological factors on R, the vector autoregressive model proposed in this paper can describe the contribution of different meteorological factors on R in more detail and with precision.

Automated summary

In this study, five single-type simulation models were used to simulate runoff and analyze the simulation quality by comparing evaluation indexes with a combined hierarchical structure hydrological model. The results showed that the calculated values of runoff obtained with single-type simulation models were more accurate and stable, and the contribution of meteorological factors to runoff could be described in more detail and with precision.