Effect of Palm Kernel Cake Supplementation on Voluntary Feed Intake, In Situ Rumen Degradability and Performance in Buffaloes in the Eastern Amazon

Simple Summary The destination of agro-industrial residues and deforestation to form new pasture areas are urgent concerns in the Amazon region. Diverse studies have evaluated the inclusion of these residues in ruminant diets and have enabled the intensification of animal production systems. Palm kernel cake (PKC), for example, is generated after oil extraction for the food and cosmetics industry, but it still has crude protein and metabolizable energy levels of around 17% and 7.6 MJ/kg in the matter dry (DM), respectively. This research aims to evaluate the inclusion of a PKC-based supplementation for grazing animals on feed intake, degradability, and productive performance of buffaloes in the eastern Amazon. Although some changes in nutrient intake and degradability were observed, the inclusion of the co-product in the diet did not promote changes in productive performance and reduced forage consumption. Thus, the use of PKC up to 1% of body weight in supplements is recommended as an alternative source of nutrients for grazing animals. The objective was to evaluate the effects of palm kernel cake (PKC) supplementation on voluntary feed intake, in situ rumen degradability and performance in the wettest (WS-January to June) and less rainy seasons (LR-July to December) in the eastern Amazon. A total of 52 crossbred buffaloes that were neither lactating nor gestating were used, with 24 for the LR, aged 34 +/- 04 months and an initial average weight of 503 +/- 48 kg, and 24 for the WS aged 40 +/- 04 months with an average weight of 605 +/- 56 kg. The four treatments (levels of PKC in relation to body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 0% (PKC0), 0.25% (PKC0.2), 0.5% (PKC0.5) and 1% (PKC1) with six repetitions. The animals were housed in Marandu grass paddocks, intermittently, with access to water and mineral mixture ad libitum. Degradability was evaluated by the in situ bag technique in four other crossbred buffaloes with rumen cannulae, in a 4 x 4 Latin square (four periods and four treatments). The inclusion of PKC increased supplement consumption and production of ether extracts and reduced the intake of forage and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The dry matter degradability of Marandu grass was not affected; however, the fermentation kinetics in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed between the treatments. The co-product dry matter colonization time was greater in PKC1 and the highest effective degradability rates were from PKC0, but the productive performance of the animals was not influenced. Supplementation of buffaloes with PKC is recommended for up to 1% of body weight.

Automated summary

The inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) in animal diets has been studied to intensify animal production systems. This research evaluated the effects of PKC-based supplementation on feed intake, degradability, and performance of buffaloes. Although the inclusion of PKC in the diet changed nutrient intake and degradability, it did not affect productive performance and reduced forage consumption. It is recommended to supplement buffaloes with PKC up to 1% of body weight.