Effects of Five Prebiotics on Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Non-Specific Immunity, Stress Resistance, and Disease Resistance of Juvenile Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ x Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

Simple Summary Prebiotics, as feed additives, have attracted much attention in aquaculture. Generally speaking, different prebiotics have different effects on fish. This manuscript describes the effects of five prebiotics on growth, antioxidant activities, non-specific immunity, stress resistance, and disease resistance of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus female x Epinephelus fuscoguttatus male). We found that among the five prebiotics, mannan oligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides showed the best overall effects in improving the growth performance, non-specific immunity, stress resistance, and disease resistance of pearl gentian grouper. This conclusion provides the theoretical basis for the prebiotics application to guide the healthy development of aquaculture. To explore the short-term health benefits of five prebiotics on hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus female x Epinephelus lanceolatus male), six experimental groups fed with different diets (basal diet, diet control (CON); basal diet + 0.2% fructooligosaccharide (FOS), diet FOS; basal diet + 0.5% chitosan, diet chitosan (CTS); basal diet + 0.2% mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS), diet MOS; basal diet + 0.1% beta-glucan (GLU), Diet GLU; basal diet + 0.05% xylooligosaccharide (XOS), diet XOS) were set up, and a 4-week feeding trial was conducted. MOS and XOS significantly improved the growth of hybrid grouper compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme assay showed that the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly enhanced in the MOS group, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the XOS group was significantly lower than in the CON group (p < 0.05). The catalase (CAT) activities were significantly enhanced in all prebiotic-supplemented groups compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). Non-specific immunity assay showed that the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and lysozyme (LZM) were significantly increased in all prebiotic-supplemented groups compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). The total protein content in the XOS group was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and the albumin (ALB) activity in the MOS group was more significantly increased than that in the CON group. Histological examination of the intestine revealed that muscle thickness was significantly increased in all prebiotic-supplemented groups compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Villi length, villi width, muscle thickness all increased significantly in the MOS group (p < 0.05). In addition, the crowding stress and ammonia nitrogen stress experiments revealed that the survival rates of the MOS and XOS groups after stresses were significantly higher than those of the CON group (p < 0.05). Though MOS and XOS exhibited similar anti-stress effects, the antioxidant and non-specific immunity parameters they regulated were not the same, indicating that the specific mechanisms of MOS and XOS's anti-stress effects were probably different. After being challenged with Vibrio harvey, MOS and GLU groups showed significantly higher post-challenge survival rates than the CON group (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that among the five prebiotics, MOS and XOS showed the best overall short-term beneficial effects and could be considered promising short-term feed additives to improve the stress resistance of juvenile hybrid grouper.

Automated summary

This study examined the effects of five prebiotics on the growth, antioxidant activities, non-specific immunity, stress resistance, and disease resistance of juvenile hybrid grouper. Mannan oligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides were found to have the best overall effects in improving these parameters. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of prebiotics in aquaculture.