From Exosome Biogenesis to Absorption: Key Takeaways for Cancer Research

Exosomes are mediators of intercellular communication in normal physiology and diseases. While many studies have emerged on the function of exosomal cargoes, questions remain regarding the origin of these exosomes. The packaging and secretion of exosomes in different contexts modify exosomal composition, which may in turn impact delivery, uptake and cargo function in recipient cells. A mechanistic understanding of exosome biology is therefore crucial to investigating exosomal function in complex biological systems and to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we outline the steps in exosome biogenesis, including endosome formation, MVB formation, cargo sorting and extracellular release, as well as exosome absorption, including targeting, interaction with recipient cells and the fate of internalized exosomes. In addition to providing a framework of exosome dynamics, we summarize current evidence on major pathways and regulatory mechanisms. We also highlight the various mechanisms observed in cancer and point out directions to improve study design in exosome biology. Further research is needed to illuminate the relationship between exosome biogenesis and function, which will aid the development of translational applications.

Automated summary

Exosomes play a crucial role in intercellular communication and their biogenesis and function are important for understanding complex biological systems and developing novel therapies. This article outlines the steps in exosome biogenesis and absorption, as well as the major pathways and regulatory mechanisms. It also highlights the various mechanisms observed in cancer and suggests directions for improving study design in exosome biology. Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between exosome biogenesis and function, which will aid the development of translational applications.