High Expression of IRS-1, RUNX3 and SMAD4 Are Positive Prognostic Factors in Stage I-III Colon Cancer

Simple Summary We studied the expression of several protein biomarkers in both stromal and tumor tissue from colon cancer patients. High expression of IRS1 in stromal tissue and RUNX3 and SMAD4 in both stromal and tumor tissue were positive prognostic factors. Of particular interest, RUNX3 expression in stromal tissue was associated with the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This finding may be important for understanding the prognostic impact of lymphocytes and predicting and increasing the efficacy of immunotherapy in colon cancer. Colon cancer is a common malignancy and a major contributor to human morbidity and mortality. In this study, we explore the expression and prognostic impact of IRS-1, IRS-2, RUNx3, and SMAD4 in colon cancer. Furthermore, we elucidate their correlations with miRs 126, 17-5p, and 20a-5p, which are identified as potential regulators of these proteins. Tumor tissue from 452 patients operated for stage I-III colon cancer was retrospectively collected and assembled into tissue microarrays. Biomarkers' expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry and analyzed using digital pathology. In univariate analyses, high expression levels of IRS1 in stromal cytoplasm, RUNX3 in tumor (nucleus and cytoplasm) and stroma (nucleus and cytoplasm), and SMAD4 in tumor (nucleus and cytoplasm) and stromal cytoplasm were related to increased disease-specific survival (DSS). In multivariate analyses, high expression of IRS1 in stromal cytoplasm, RUNX3 in tumor nucleus and stromal cytoplasm, and high expression of SMAD4 in tumor and stromal cytoplasm remained independent predictors of improved DSS. Surprisingly, with the exception of weak correlations (0.2 < r < 0.25) between miR-126 and SMAD4, the investigated markers were mostly uncorrelated with the miRs. However, weak to moderate/strong correlations (0.3 < r < 0.6) were observed between CD3 and CD8 positive lymphocyte density and stromal RUNX3 expression. High expression levels of IRS1, RUNX3, and SMAD4 are positive prognostic factors in stage I-III colon cancer. Furthermore, stromal expression of RUNX3 is associated with increased lymphocyte density, suggesting that RUNX3 is an important mediator during recruitment and activation of immune cells in colon cancer.

Automated summary

This study investigated the expression of protein biomarkers in stromal and tumor tissue of colon cancer patients. High expression of IRS1 in stromal tissue and RUNX3 and SMAD4 in both stromal and tumor tissue were associated with better prognosis. Particularly, the expression of RUNX3 in stromal tissue was correlated with the density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This finding has implications for understanding the role of lymphocytes in prognosis and improving immunotherapy effectiveness in colon cancer.