Lung Adenocarcinoma Diagnosed at a Younger Age Is Associated with Advanced Stage, Female Sex, and Ever-Smoker Status, in Patients Treated with Lung Resection

Simple Summary Since the factors influencing age at diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma are unknown, in our study, we examined the relationships of age at diagnosis with smoking habit, clinical stage of disease, and sex in Italian and German patients with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent lung adenocarcinoma resection. Our results indicated that smoking habit, advanced clinical stage (more aggressive and larger tumour), and female sex were variables associated with younger age at diagnosis. This study provides new findings on the clinical variables influencing age at diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and paves the way for studies on the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for these associations. To date, the factors which affect the age at diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma are not fully understood. In our study, we examined the relationships of age at diagnosis with smoking, pathological stage, sex, and year of diagnosis in a discovery (n = 1694) and validation (n = 1384) series of lung adenocarcinoma patients who had undergone pulmonary resection at hospitals in the Milan area and at Thoraxklinik (Heidelberg), respectively. In the discovery series, younger age at diagnosis was associated with ever-smoker status (OR = 1.5, p = 0.0035) and advanced stage (taking stage I as reference: stage III OR = 1.4, p = 0.0067; stage IV OR = 1.7, p = 0.0080), whereas older age at diagnosis was associated with male sex (OR = 0.57, p < 0.001). Analysis in the validation series confirmed the ever versus never smokers' association (OR = 2.9, p < 0.001), the association with highest stages (stage III versus stage I OR = 1.4, p = 0.0066; stage IV versus stage I OR = 2.0, p = 0.0022), and the male versus female sex association (OR = 0.78, p = 0.032). These data suggest the role of smoking in affecting the natural history of the disease. Moreover, aggressive tumours seem to have shorter latency from initiation to clinical detection. Finally, younger age at diagnosis is associated with the female sex, suggesting that hormonal status of young women confers risk to develop lung adenocarcinoma. Overall, this study provided novel findings on the mechanisms underlying age at diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma.

Automated summary

This study examined the relationships between smoking habit, clinical stage, and sex with age at diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma. The results showed that smoking, advanced stage, and female sex were associated with younger age at diagnosis. This study provides new insights into the clinical variables influencing age at diagnosis and opens up possibilities for further research on the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for these associations.