Indirect Phase Transformation of CuO to Cu2O on a Nanowire Surface

The reduction of CuO nanowires (NWs) to Cu2O NWs undergoes an indirect phase transformation on the surface: from single crystalline CuO, to a disordered Cu2-delta O phase, and then to, crystalline Cu2O. A 9-12 nm disordered Cu2-delta O is formed onthe NW surface by exposing CuO NWs to CO at 1 Tort, 300 degrees C for 30 min. After 60 min, this layer decreases to 2-3 nm and is eliminated after 180 min. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy using a scanning tunneling electron microscope and across a single NW reveals, the disordered layer to be O-rich with respect to Cu2O with a, maximum. at. % Cu:O = 1.8. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows adsorbed CO on the surface as evidence of the reduction reaction. Micro-Raman spectroscopy tracks the transformation in NWs as a function of reduction time. A CO enabled, surface reduction reaction coupled to diffusion-limited transport of nonlattice O to the surface is proposed as a mechanism for Cu2-delta O formation. The initial buildup of out-diffusing O to the surface appears to aid the formation of the disordered surface layer. The transformation follows Ostwald-Lussac's law which predicts formation of unstable phases over stable phases, when phase transformation rates are limited by kinetic or diffusional processes. The study provides a generalized approach for facile growth of few nanometer transient layers on multivalent, metal. oxide NW surfaces.