The SmNPR4-SmTGA5 module regulates SA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots

Phenolic acids are the main bioactive compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which can be increased by salicylic acid (SA) elicitation. However, the specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. The nonexpresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) and its family members are essential components of the SA signaling pathway. Here, we report an NPR protein, SmNPR4, that showed strong expression in hairy root after SA treatment, acting as a negative moderator of SA-induced phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza (S. miltiorrhiza). Moreover, a basic leucine zipper family transcription factor SmTGA5 was identified and was found to interact with SmNPR4. SmTGA5 activates the expression of phenolic acid biosynthesis gene SmTAT1 through binding to the as-1 element. Finally, a series of biochemical assays and dual gene overexpression analysis demonstrated that the SmNPR4 significantly inhibited the function of SmTGA5, and SA can alleviate the inhibitory effect of SmNPR4 on SmTGA5. Overall, our results reveal the molecular mechanism of salicylic acid regulating phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza and provide new insights for SA signaling to regulate secondary metabolic biosynthesis.

Automated summary

Phenolic acids are the main bioactive compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza, and their production can be increased by salicylic acid (SA) treatment. In this study, a negative regulator of SA-induced phenolic acid biosynthesis, SmNPR4, was identified in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. This study also discovered a transcription factor, SmTGA5, that interacts with SmNPR4 and activates the expression of the phenolic acid biosynthesis gene SmTAT1. The results showed that SA can alleviate the inhibitory effect of SmNPR4 on SmTGA5. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism behind salicylic acid regulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.