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Summary: This study comprehensively assessed organ-specific functions in individuals after mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and found subclinical multi-organ affection related to pulmonary, cardiac, thrombotic, and renal function. However, there were no signs of structural brain damage, neurocognitive impairment, or quality-of-life impairment.
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Summary: Long COVID, characterized by persistent COVID-19 symptoms beyond 3 months, is expected to significantly affect the lives of millions worldwide. Cardiopulmonary symptoms are common, along with cardiovascular abnormalities such as inflammation, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmias. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind delayed complications are still not well understood, and COVID-19 is anticipated to alter the long-term trajectory of chronic cardiac diseases. Research is ongoing to evaluate treatment strategies for long COVID and its associated cardiovascular sequelae.
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Summary: This review examines the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of post-COVID-19 syndromes, including persistent inflammation, induced autoimmunity, and putative viral reservoirs. The disease is called 'long-haul COVID' or 'post-COVID-19 syndrome', and clinical symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, and neuropsychiatric syndromes.
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Anamika Gupta et al.
Summary: This study investigates the role of inflammatory markers (LNC2, S100A8/A9, CST3) in cardiovascular complications and severity of COVID-19. The results show an upregulation of plasma LNC2 in moderate COVID-19 patients and a profound induction of S100A8/A9 and CST3 in severe patients. Myoglobin levels were unchanged in moderate patients but significantly elevated in critically ill COVID-19 patients. These findings suggest that LNC2 may play a role in advancing the severity of COVID-19, while S100A8/A9 and CST3 may serve as predictive biomarkers for thromboembolism and tissue injury.
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Zahra Bagheri-Hosseinabadi et al.
Summary: In this study, the researchers evaluated the involvement of S100 calcium binding protein S100A4, S100A9, and S100A10 in the inflammatory settings of COVID-19 patients. They found that the mRNA expression of these proteins was significantly upregulated in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. The upregulation of these proteins was also associated with the severity of the disease and the level of inflammation. The study suggests that targeting these proteins could potentially be used as a therapeutic tool in preventing severe symptoms in COVID-19 patients.
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Summary: Entering the third year of the pandemic, there is overwhelming evidence showing that COVID-19 infection is a systemic illness that often affects the central nervous system. Neurologic involvement has been observed in all stages of the infection, including acute infection, subacute/post-infection, and the post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC). Due to the large number of published articles on COVID-19 and the brain, it is almost impossible to provide an unbiased comprehensive review on how the SARS-Co-V2 virus impacts the nervous system. This review provides an overview of common neurologic manifestations, with a particular focus on cerebrovascular complications and proposed pathophysiology.
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Charlotte E. Pelgrim et al.
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Stefano Brusa et al.
Summary: In this study, a set of collagen metabolites and extracellular matrix remodeling biomarkers were evaluated as prognostic indicators in COVID-19 patients. Circulating TIMP-1 was found to be associated with disease severity and systemic inflammatory index, suggesting it as a promising non-invasive prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 patients.
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Alessandro Sette et al.
Summary: The adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, plays varying roles in different viral infections and vaccines. Studies are showing that CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and neutralizing antibodies all play a part in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding adaptive immunity in combating the disease.
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Fataneh Tavasolian et al.
Summary: The appearance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in December 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic, but some regions in Africa have reported fewer cases and lower mortality rates. Research suggests that individual HLA alleles may play a role in susceptibility to the virus. Analyzing HLA in COVID-19 cases could help identify high-risk individuals and understand differences in epidemic patterns between countries.
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Endocrinology & Metabolism
Giovanni Corona et al.
Summary: The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe was officially confirmed at the end of February 2020, but the real impact of COVID-19 in the European Union has not been systematically investigated. This study analyzed the main predictors of mortality rate (MR) in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, finding that diabetes mellitus, chronic pulmonary obstructive diseases, and malignancies were the best predictors. The study also concluded that MR was higher in the US and Europe compared to Asia, with diabetes, respiratory symptoms, lymphocyte count, and D-dimer levels significantly influencing mortality.
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Theoharis C. Theoharides et al.
Summary: COVID-19 not only causes severe respiratory problems but also leads to long-COVID syndrome, with symptoms including cognitive dysfunction and fatigue, particularly brain fog. The pathogenesis of brain fog in these illnesses is currently unknown, but may involve neuroinflammation caused by mast cells, which could be mitigated by the phytosomal formulation of the natural flavonoid luteolin.
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Summary: Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome is a poorly understood condition that affects survivors with symptoms like fatigue, dyspnoea, cognitive impairments, and more. The pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments are still lacking in literature, but potential treatments may include rehabilitation training and repurposed drugs from similar conditions. Further research is needed to substantiate risk factors and treatment options.
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