Unique structure of ozoralizumab, a trivalent anti-TNFα NANOBODY® compound, offers the potential advantage of mitigating the risk of immune complex-induced inflammation

Biologics have become an important component of treatment strategies for a variety of diseases, but the immunogenicity of large immune complexes (ICs) and aggregates of biologics may increase risk of adverse events is a concern for biologics and it remains unclear whether large ICs consisting of intrinsic antigen and therapeutic antibodies are actually involved in acute local inflammation such as injection site reaction (ISR). Ozoralizumab is a trivalent, bispecific NANOBODY (R) compound that differs structurally from IgGs. Treatment with ozoralizumab has been shown to provide beneficial effects in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparable to those obtained with other TNF alpha inhibitors. Very few ISRs (2%) have been reported after ozoralizumab administration, and the drug has been shown to have acceptable safety and tolerability. In this study, in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying the reduced incidence of ISRs associated with ozoralizumab administration, we investigated the stoichiometry of two TNF alpha inhibitors (ozoralizumab and adalimumab, an anti-TNF alpha IgG) ICs and the induction by these drugs of Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R)-mediated immune responses on neutrophils. Ozoralizumab-TNF alpha ICs are smaller than adalimumab-TNF alpha ICs and lack an Fc portion, thus mitigating Fc gamma R-mediated immune responses on neutrophils. We also developed a model of anti-TNF alpha antibody-TNF alpha IC-induced subcutaneous inflammation and found that ozoralizumab-TNF alpha ICs do not induce any significant inflammation at injection sites. The results of our studies suggest that ozoralizumab is a promising candidate for the treatment of RA that entails a lower risk of the IC-mediated immune cell activation that leads to unwanted immune responses.

Automated summary

Biologics are widely used in the treatment of various diseases, but concerns have been raised regarding the immunogenicity and adverse events associated with large immune complexes and aggregates. This study investigated the mechanism underlying the reduced incidence of injection site reactions (ISRs) with ozoralizumab, a trivalent bispecific nanobody compound, compared to other TNF alpha inhibitors. The results showed that ozoralizumab-TNF alpha immune complexes are smaller and lack an Fc portion, mitigating immune responses on neutrophils mediated by Fc gamma receptors. Furthermore, ozoralizumab-TNF alpha immune complexes did not induce significant inflammation at injection sites. These findings suggest that ozoralizumab may be a promising candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a lower risk of unwanted immune responses.