Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS
Volume 10, Issue 5, Pages 425-430Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00161
Keywords
PFAS destruction; PFAS adsorption; PFAS-contaminated solids; subcritical; hydrothermal liquefaction; media regeneration; water treatment
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Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is commonly used for treating water contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but it requires frequent replacement and costly off-site thermal regeneration. Hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT) was found to effectively degrade and mineralize PFASs, enabling the regeneration of spent GAC. This method shows promise for on-site regeneration of PFAS-contaminated GAC and other adsorbent media, providing an alternative to off-site thermal regeneration practices.
Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is the most common technology applied to treat water contaminated with per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but rapid exhaustion of the media necessitates frequent replacement and costly off-site thermal regeneration. Here, we extend the application of hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT), which uses strong alkali and near-critical temperatures and pressures (e.g., 350 degrees C, 16.5 MPa, and 1 M NaOH) to degrade and mineralize PFASs, to the regeneration of spent GAC. Mass balance experiments wherein a known mass of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was adsorbed onto GAC prior to treatment showed that HALT achieved >99% destruction of PFOS and 96 +/- 4% defluorination with no observed fluoro-organic intermediates [167 g L-1 GAC, 350 degrees C, 1 M NaOH, t(rxn)= 400 min, and 10-15 mg of PFOS (g of GAC)(-1)]. Treatment of GAC collected from a field pilot study also showed effective destruction of the range of adsorbed PFASs. Moreover, repeated HALT cycles did not significantly affect the GAC specific surface area, and similar adsorption isotherms for perfluoropentanoic acid and PFOS were recorded for virgin and HALT-treated GAC. These findings suggest a promising strategy for on-site regeneration of PFAS-contaminated GAC and other adsorbent media that may be an alternative to off-site thermal regeneration practices.
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