Pathways to Next-Generation Fire-Safe Alkali-Ion Batteries

High energy and power density alkali-ion (i.e., Li+, Na+, and K+) batteries (AIBs), especially lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), are being ubiquitously used for both large- and small-scale energy storage, and powering electric vehicles and electronics. However, the increasing LIB-triggered fires due to thermal runaways have continued to cause significant injuries and casualties as well as enormous economic losses. For this reason, to date, great efforts have been made to create reliable fire-safe AIBs through advanced materials design, thermal management, and fire safety characterization. In this review, the recent progress is highlighted in the battery design for better thermal stability and electrochemical performance, and state-of-the-art fire safety evaluation methods. The key challenges are also presented associated with the existing materials design, thermal management, and fire safety evaluation of AIBs. Future research opportunities are also proposed for the creation of next-generation fire-safe batteries to ensure their reliability in practical applications.

Automated summary

High energy and power density alkali-ion batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, are widely used for energy storage and powering devices. However, thermal runaways in lithium-ion batteries have caused fires, injuries, and economic losses. This review highlights recent progress in battery design for better thermal stability and electrochemical performance, as well as advanced fire safety evaluation methods. The challenges in materials design, thermal management, and fire safety evaluation of these batteries are also presented, along with proposed future research opportunities for the development of next-generation fire-safe batteries.