Anti-PD-1 therapy achieves favorable outcomes in HBV-positive non-liver cancer

Anti-PD-1 therapy has shown promising outcomes in the treatment of different types of cancer. It is of fundamental interest to analyze the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in cancer patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) since the comorbidity of HBV and cancer is widely documented. We designed a multicenter retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy on non-liver cancer patients infected with HBV. We found anti-PD-1 therapy achieved much better outcomes in HBV+ non-liver cancer patients than their HBV- counterparts. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. We found both cytotoxicity score of T cells and MHC score of B cells significantly increased after anti-PD-1 therapy in HBV+ ESCC patients. We also identified CX3CR1(high) T-EFF, a subset of CD8(+) T-EFF, associated with better clinical outcome in HBV+ ESCC patients. Lastly, we found CD8(+) T-EFF from HBV+ ESCC patients showing higher fraction of Exhaustion(hi) T than their HBV- counterpart. In summary, anti-PD-1 therapy on HBV+ non-liver cancer patients is safe and achieves better outcomes than that on HBV- non-liver cancer patients, potentially because HBV+ patients had higher fraction of Exhaustion(hi) T, which made them more efficiently respond to anti-PD-1 therapy.

Automated summary

Anti-PD-1 therapy shows effective outcomes in both liver cancer patients and non-liver cancer patients infected with HBV. Through a retrospective multicenter study, it is found that HBV+ non-liver cancer patients have better responses to anti-PD-1 therapy compared to HBV- non-liver cancer patients. Additionally, in HBV+ ESCC patients, the cytotoxicity score of T cells and MHC score of B cells significantly increase after anti-PD-1 therapy. CX3CR1(high) T-EFF, a subset of CD8(+) T-EFF, is also associated with better clinical outcomes in HBV+ ESCC patients.