4.5 Review

An Overview of Currently Applied Ferrochrome Production Processes and Their Waste Management Practices

Related references

Note: Only part of the references are listed.
Article Chemistry, Physical

On the feasibility of direct hydrogen utilisation in a fossil-free Europe

Andrei David Korberg et al.

Summary: This paper analyzes the feasibility of using hydrogen as a direct fuel in all energy sectors in a 100% renewable energy system for Europe in 2050. The results indicate that using hydrogen for heating purposes is costly and inefficient, while hydrogen for electricity production is only beneficial in limited quantities due to losses. In the transport sector, hydrogen is an expensive alternative to liquid e-fuels and electrified transport due to high infrastructure costs and low energy efficiency. In the industry sector, hydrogen may be beneficial for reducing biomass at a lower cost, but electrification and e-methane may be more feasible options.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2023)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Pre-reduction of United Manganese of Kalahari Ore in CO/CO2, H2/H2O, and H2 Atmospheres

J. Davies et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2023)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production

Wenjing Wei et al.

Summary: This research presents a process model for assessing high carbon ferrochrome production through various supply routes. The energy requirements range from 40 to 59 GJ/t FeCr, and greenhouse gas emissions range from 1.8 to 5.5 tCO(2)-eq/t FeCr. Upgrading the coal-powered SAF process to closed furnaces contributes to emission reduction, and the use of hydro-powered electricity further reduces emissions. The proposed process model allows for site-specific inventory data and supports companies in improving the transparency of environmental performance in the FeCr value chain.
Article Environmental Studies

Enabling the transition to a fossil-free steel sector: The conditions for technology transfer for hydrogen-based steelmaking in Europe

Amanda Ohman et al.

Summary: This paper explores the conditions for transferring green hydrogen technology from Sweden to other major steel-producing countries in Europe. The study finds that while Sweden's iron and steel industry is unique, other countries, particularly Germany, are rapidly catching up in hydrogen-based steel production. To enable hydrogen-based steel production, coordination between energy and industry transitions, establishment of policy frameworks, and cooperation among key actors representing all aspects of these transitions are crucial.

ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE (2022)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

The Use of Hydrogen as a Potential Reductant in the Chromite Smelting Industry

Jamey Davies et al.

Summary: This study explores the potential use of hydrogen as a reductant in stainless steel production, investigating the reduction of chromite ore by hydrogen through experiments and thermodynamic modeling. The results show that under the explored reduction parameters, iron oxides in chromite can be reduced and removed, while the chromium oxide in chromite does not undergo significant metallization.

MINERALS (2022)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

The Effect of Pre-Oxidation on the Reducibility of Chromite Using Hydrogen: A Preliminary Study

Jamey Davies et al.

Summary: The use of hydrogen as a reductant for chromite ore can reduce carbon emissions, although the reduction of chromium oxide is more challenging than that of iron oxide. However, pre-oxidation can enhance the reducibility of iron oxide and increase the metallization of iron.

MINERALS (2022)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Design and Analysis of Dewatering Circuits for a Chromite Processing Plant Tailing Slurry

Sunil Kumar Tripathy et al.

Summary: This research aimed to investigate the dewatering amenability of tailing slurry from the beneficiation of chromite ore, which contains mainly ultrafine particles with Cr+6. Various dewatering techniques were studied, and an efficient dewatering circuit was developed to recover and recycle up to 97% of the water from the tailing slurry.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW (2021)

Review Chemistry, Physical

The production and application of hydrogen in steel industry

Wenguo Liu et al.

Summary: This review discusses the potential of hydrogen as a clean energy source in the steel industry and summarizes different hydrogen production technologies. It also highlights the applications of hydrogen in various steel production processes and provides suggestions for the future development of the steel industry in China.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY (2021)

Article Energy & Fuels

Design of Clean Steel Production with Hydrogen: Impact of Electricity System Composition

Alla Toktarova et al.

Summary: Electrification is considered crucial for cleaner steel production in Europe, with hydrogen-based steelmaking designs proving cost-efficient in VRE-dominated electricity systems. The electricity price following steel production impacts both running costs and capital costs, ultimately influencing the total steel production cost.

ENERGIES (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Reduction of Manganese Ores in CO-CO2 Atmospheres

Trine Asklund Larssen et al.

Summary: The reduction of higher manganese oxides to MnO in the prereduction zone of a ferromanganese furnace is crucial for the overall energy efficiency and climate gas emissions. This study aimed to elucidate the reduction steps during prereduction of two commercial manganese ores in a CO-CO2 atmosphere. The results showed that the reduction reactions in different ores were influenced by particle size and CO concentration.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2021)

Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR) in steel industry-An overview of challenges and opportunities

R. R. Wang et al.

Summary: The steel industry is crucial for the national economy, but its high energy intensity and carbon emissions contribute significantly to global warming. To reduce carbon footprint, countries and steel companies are developing low-carbon steelmaking technologies, with H-DR technology considered the most promising.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2021)

Article Geochemistry & Geophysics

Prereduction of Nchwaning Ore in CO/CO2/H2 Gas Mixtures

Trygve Lindahl Schanche et al.

Summary: Isothermal reduction of Nchwaning manganese ore was investigated to optimize industrial pretreatment conditions, showing that low oxygen partial pressure, hydrogen addition, and high reduction temperature are the optimal conditions for pretreatment. Hydrogen improves reduction kinetics and lowers oxygen partial pressure during prereduction, reducing the extent of the Boudouard reaction in the submerged arc furnace.

MINERALS (2021)

Review Construction & Building Technology

Characteristics of ferrochrome slag aggregate and its uses as a green material in concrete-A review

Ali Issa Fares et al.

Summary: Industrial wastes and by-products have been explored for years as green construction materials. Among them, Ferrochrome slag (FCS) has recently attracted attention as a potential alternative construction material, particularly as a concrete aggregate.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2021)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Smelting Process of Chromite Ore Fines to Produce Crude Fe-Cr-Ni-N Alloy

Raj Kumar Dishwar et al.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF METALS (2020)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Pre-reduction Behaviour of Manganese Ores in H2 and CO Containing Gases

Didier Ngoy et al.

ISIJ INTERNATIONAL (2020)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Damring Formation During Rotary Kiln Chromite Pre-reduction: Effects of Pulverized Carbonaceous Fuel Selection and Partial Pellet Melting

Y. van Staden et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2018)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Silicon Carbide Formation Enhanced by In-Situ-Formed Silicon Nitride: An Approach to Capture Thermal Energy of CO-Rich Off-Gas Combustion

S. P. du Preez et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2018)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The Effect of Carbonaceous Reductant Selection on Chromite Pre-reduction

E. L. J. Kleynhans et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2017)

Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Review of Cr(VI) environmental practices in the chromite mining and smelting industry - Relevance to development of the Ring of Fire, Canada

J. P. Beukes et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2017)

Review Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Humic Substance-based Binder In Iron Ore Pelletization: A Review

Youlian Zhou et al.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW (2017)

Review Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Humic Substance-based Binder In Iron Ore Pelletization: A Review

Youlian Zhou et al.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW (2017)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

SEM image processing as an alternative method to determine chromite pre-reduction

G. T. M. Mohale et al.

JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY (2017)

Article Business

Policy networks in energy transitions: The cases of carbon capture and storage and offshore wind in Norway

Hakon Endresen Normann

TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE (2017)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Techno-economic feasibility of a pre-oxidation process to enhance prereduction of chromite

E. L. J. Kleynhans et al.

JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY (2017)

Review Agricultural Engineering

Carbon recovery by fermentation of CO-rich off gases - Turning steel mills into biorefineries

Bastian Molitor et al.

BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY (2016)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Beneficiation of Konya-BeyAYehir Chromite for Producing Concentrates Suitable for Industry

Fatma Deniz Ozturk et al.

Review Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

A Short Review on Utilization of Ferrochromium Slag

Nilamadhaba Sahu et al.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW (2016)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Utilisation of pre-oxidised ore in the pelletised chromite pre-reduction process

E. L. J. Kleynhans et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2016)

Review Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

A Short Review on Utilization of Ferrochromium Slag

Nilamadhaba Sahu et al.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW (2016)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Cr(VI) and Conductivity as Indicators of Surface Water Pollution from Ferrochrome Production in South Africa: Four Case Studies

M. M. Loock-Hattingh et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2015)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Cold Bonding of Iron Ore Concentrate Pellets

Joseph A. Halt et al.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW (2015)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Cr(VI) Generation During Flaring of CO-Rich Off-Gas from Closed Ferrochromium Submerged Arc Furnaces

S. P. du Preez et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2015)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Comparison of physical properties of oxidative sintered pellets produced with UG2 or metallurgical-grade South African chromite: a case study

R. I. Glastonbury et al.

JOURNAL OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY (2015)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Mechanical properties and setting time of ferrochrome slag based geopolymer paste and mortar

Mehmet Burhan Karakoc et al.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2014)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Characterisation and liberation of chromium from fine ferrochrome waste materials

Y. van Staden et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2014)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Reduction of Oxide Minerals by Hydrogen Plasma: An Overview

K. C. Sabat et al.

PLASMA CHEMISTRY AND PLASMA PROCESSING (2014)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Environmental and technical assessment of ferrochrome slag as concrete aggregate material

C. R. Panda et al.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2013)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Characterisation and separation studies of Indian chromite beneficiation plant tailing

Sunil Kumar Tripathy et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MINERAL PROCESSING (2013)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Development of Cold Bonded Chromite Pellets for Ferrochrome Production in Submerged Arc Furnace

Srinivas Dwarapudi et al.

ISIJ INTERNATIONAL (2013)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Why is CaCO3 not used as an additive in the pelletised chromite pre-reduction process?

B. W. Neizel et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2013)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Study of Organic and Inorganic Binders on Strength of Iron Oxide Pellets

Urvashi Srivastava et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2013)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Unique challenges of clay binders in a pelletised chromite pre-reduction process

E. L. J. Kleynhans et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2012)

Review Engineering, Chemical

Chrome ore beneficiation challenges & opportunities - A review

Y. Rama Murthy et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2011)

Article Mining & Mineral Processing

An efficient process for the beneficiation of a low grade chromite ore

T. Cicek et al.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF MINING AND METALLURGY SECTION C-MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (2010)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Cr and Al diffusion in chromite spinel: experimental determination and its implication for diffusion creep

A. M. Suzuki et al.

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS (2008)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Chromium(VI) removal by calcined bauxite

Saroj S. Baral et al.

BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2007)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Properties of concrete pavements prepared with ferrochromium slag as concrete aggregate

J Zelic

CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH (2005)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The physical chemistry of thermal decomposition of South African chromite minerals

VD Tathavadkar et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2005)

Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of chromite fines from wastewater streams by column flotation

D Feng et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2004)

Review Engineering, Chemical

Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals - a review

Z Xiao et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2004)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

The soda-ash roasting of chromite ore processing residue for the reclamation of chromium

MP Antony et al.

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE (2001)

Article Engineering, Chemical

Cr(VI) generation during milling

JP Beukes et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2001)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Environmental impact of ferrochrome slag in road construction

BB Lind et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2001)