Neurophysiological mechanisms of transcranial alternating current stimulation

Neuronal oscillations are the primary basis for precise temporal coordination of neuronal processing and are linked to different brain functions. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has demonstrated promising potential in improving cognition by entraining neural oscillations. Despite positive findings in recent decades, the results obtained are sometimes rife with variance and replicability problems, and the findings translation to humans is quite challenging. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying tACS is necessitated for accurate interpretation of experimental results. Animal models are useful for understanding tACS mechanisms, optimizing parameter administration, and improving rational design for broad horizons of tACS. Here, we review recent electrophysiological advances in tACS from animal models, as well as discuss some critical issues for results coordination and translation. We hope to provide an overview of neurophysiological mechanisms and recommendations for future consideration to improve its validity, specificity, and reproducibility.

Automated summary

Neuronal oscillations are crucial for temporal coordination and brain functions, and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has shown potential in enhancing cognition. However, the variability and translatability of tACS results are challenging, and a thorough understanding of its mechanisms is essential. Animal models provide insights into tACS mechanisms, parameter optimization, and rational design, aiming to improve validity and reproducibility. This review discusses recent electrophysiological advances in tACS using animal models, addressing important issues for result coordination and translation.