Greenhouse Gas Emission Dynamics of Saudi Arabia: Potential of Hydrogen Fuel for Emission Footprint Reduction

The growth of population, gross domestic product (GDP), and urbanization have led to an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The leading GHG-emitting sectors are electricity generation, road transportation, cement, chemicals, refinery, iron, and steel. However, the KSA is working to lead the global energy sustainability campaign to reach net zero GHG emissions by 2060. In addition, the country is working to establish a framework for the circular carbon economy (CCE), in which hydrogen acts as a transversal facilitator. To cut down on greenhouse gas emissions, the Kingdom is also building several facilities, such as the NEOM green hydrogen project. The main objective of the article is to critically review the current GHG emission dynamics of the KSA, including major GHG emission driving forces and prominent emission sectors. Then, the role of hydrogen in GHG emission reduction will be explored. Finally, the researchers and decision makers will find the helpful discussions and recommendations in deciding on appropriate mitigation measures and technologies.

Automated summary

The growth of population, gross domestic product (GDP), and urbanization in Saudi Arabia has led to an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with electricity generation, road transportation, cement, chemicals, refinery, iron, and steel being the main sectors emitting GHGs. However, Saudi Arabia aims to achieve net zero GHG emissions by 2060 and is working on establishing a circular carbon economy (CCE) framework with hydrogen playing a key role. The article critically reviews the current GHG emission dynamics and explores the role of hydrogen in reducing emissions, providing helpful discussions and recommendations for mitigation measures and technologies.