Regulatory network of GSK3-like kinases and their role in plant stress response

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family members are evolutionally conserved Ser/Thr protein kinases in mammals and plants. In plants, the GSK3s function as signaling hubs to integrate the perception and transduction of diverse signals required for plant development. Despite their role in the regulation of plant growth and development, emerging research has shed light on their multilayer function in plant stress responses. Here we review recent advances in the regulatory network of GSK3s and the involvement of GSK3s in plant adaptation to various abiotic and biotic stresses. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying how plants cope with environmental stresses through GSK3s-hormones crosstalk, a pivotal biochemical pathway in plant stress responses. We believe that our overview of the versatile physiological functions of GSK3s and underlined molecular mechanism of GSK3s in plant stress response will not only opens further research on this important topic but also provide opportunities for developing stress-resilient crops through the use of genetic engineering technology.

Automated summary

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family members are highly conserved protein kinases in mammals and plants, playing a pivotal role in the perception and transduction of diverse signals involved in plant development and stress responses. Recent research has shown that GSK3s are involved in plant adaptation to various stresses and their crosstalk with hormones. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of GSK3s in plant stress responses provides opportunities for developing stress-resilient crops using genetic engineering technology.