Electrospinning and Electrospraying: Emerging Techniques for Probiotic Stabilization and Application

Probiotics are beneficial for human health. However, they are vulnerable to adverse effects during processing, storage, and passage through the gastrointestinal tract, thus reducing their viability. The exploration of strategies for probiotic stabilization is essential for application and function. Electrospinning and electrospraying, two electrohydrodynamic techniques with simple, mild, and versatile characteristics, have recently attracted increased interest for encapsulating and immobilizing probiotics to improve their survivability under harsh conditions and promoting high-viability delivery in the gastrointestinal tract. This review begins with a more detailed classification of electrospinning and electrospraying, especially dry electrospraying and wet electrospraying. The feasibility of electrospinning and electrospraying in the construction of probiotic carriers, as well as the efficacy of various formulations on the stabilization and colonic delivery of probiotics, are then discussed. Meanwhile, the current application of electrospun and electrosprayed probiotic formulations is introduced. Finally, the existing limitations and future opportunities for electrohydrodynamic techniques in probiotic stabilization are proposed and analyzed. This work comprehensively explains how electrospinning and electrospraying are used to stabilize probiotics, which may aid in their development in probiotic therapy and nutrition.

Automated summary

Electrospinning and electrospraying are two electrohydrodynamic techniques that have attracted increased interest for stabilizing probiotics. They help improve the viability of probiotics and enhance their delivery in the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses the classification of electrospinning and electrospraying, their feasibility in constructing probiotic carriers, and their efficacy in stabilizing and delivering probiotics. The current application of electrospun and electrosprayed probiotic formulations is also introduced. Finally, the limitations and future opportunities for using electrohydrodynamic techniques in probiotic stabilization are proposed and analyzed. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of how electrospinning and electrospraying can be used to enhance probiotics, aiding in the development of probiotic therapy and nutrition.