Data driven pathway analysis and forecast of global warming and sea level rise

Climate change is a critical issue of our time, and its causes, pathways, and forecasts remain a topic of broader discussion. In this paper, we present a novel data driven pathway analysis framework to identify the key processes behind mean global temperature and sea level rise, and to forecast the magnitude of their increase from the present to 2100. Based on historical data and dynamic statistical modeling alone, we have established the causal pathways that connect increasing greenhouse gas emissions to increasing global mean temperature and sea level, with its intermediate links encompassing humidity, sea ice coverage, and glacier mass, but not for sunspot numbers. Our results indicate that if no action is taken to curb anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the global average temperature would rise to an estimated 3.28 degrees C (2.46-4.10 degrees C) above its pre-industrial level while the global sea level would be an estimated 573 mm (474-671 mm) above its 2021 mean by 2100. However, if countries adhere to the greenhouse gas emission regulations outlined in the 2021 United Nations Conference on Climate Change (COP26), the rise in global temperature would lessen to an average increase of 1.88 degrees C (1.43-2.33 degrees C) above its pre-industrial level, albeit still higher than the targeted 1.5 degrees C, while the sea level increase would reduce to 449 mm (389-509 mm) above its 2021 mean by 2100.

Automated summary

This paper presents a novel data-driven framework to analyze the causes and forecasts of global temperature and sea level rise. The study identifies the pathways connecting increasing greenhouse gas emissions to rising temperatures and sea levels. Without action to curb emissions, the global temperature is projected to increase by an estimated 3.28 degrees C (2.46-4.10 degrees C) above pre-industrial levels by 2100, while the sea level would rise by an estimated 573 mm (474-671 mm) above its 2021 mean. However, adhering to greenhouse gas emission regulations outlined in COP26 could reduce the temperature increase to 1.88 degrees C (1.43-2.33 degrees C) and the sea level rise to 449 mm (389-509 mm) by 2100.