New Perspectives on the Associations between Blood Fatty Acids, Growth Parameters, and Cognitive Development in Global Child Populations

Malnutrition is prevalent in low-middle-income countries (LMICs), but it is usually clinically diagnosed through abnormal anthropometric parameters characteristic of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). In doing so, other contributors or byproducts of malnutrition, notably essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), are overlooked. Previous research performed mainly in high-income countries (HICs) shows that deficiencies in essential fatty acids (EFAs) and their n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) byproducts (also known as highly unsaturated fatty acids or HUFAs) lead to both abnormal linear growth and impaired cognitive development. These adverse developmental outcomes remain an important public health issue in LMICs. To identify EFAD before severe malnutrition develops, clinicians should perform blood fatty acid panels to measure levels of fatty acids associated with EFAD, notably Mead acid and HUFAs. This review demonstrates the importance of measuring endogenous fatty acid levels for measuring fatty acid intake in various child populations in LMICs. Featured topics include a comparison of fatty acid levels between global child populations, the relationships between growth and cognition and PUFAs and the possible mechanisms driving these relationships, and the potential importance of EFAD and HUFA scores as biomarkers of overall health and normal development.

Automated summary

Malnutrition is commonly diagnosed based on abnormal anthropometric parameters related to protein energy malnutrition (PEM), but other contributors such as essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) are often overlooked. Previous studies in high-income countries (HICs) have shown that EFAD, characterized by deficiencies in essential fatty acids and their byproducts (HUFAs), can lead to abnormal growth and impaired cognitive development. This review emphasizes the importance of measuring endogenous fatty acid levels to assess fatty acid intake and highlights the potential of EFAD and HUFA scores as biomarkers for overall health and normal development in low-middle-income countries (LMICs).