Stress-Charge Nonlinear Physical Description and Tensor Symmetries for Piezoelectric Materials

Nonlinear piezoelectric materials are raised as a great replacement for devices that require low power consumption, high sensitivity, and accurate transduction, fitting with the demanding requirements of new technologies such as the Fifth-Generation of telecommunications (5G), the Internet of Things (IoT), and modern radio frequency (RF) applications. In this work, the state equations that correctly predict the nonlinear piezoelectric phenomena observed experimentally are presented. Furthermore, we developed a fast methodology to implement the state equations in the main FEM simulation software, allowing an easy design and characterization of this type of device, as the symmetry structures for high-order tensors are shown and explained. The operation regime of each high-order tensor is discussed and connected with the main nonlinear phenomena reported in the literature. Finally, to demonstrate our theoretical deductions, we used the experimental measurements, which presented the nonlinear effects, which were reproduced through simulations, obtaining maximum percent errors for the effective elasticity constants, relative effective permittivity, and resonance frequencies of 0.79%, 2.9%, and 0.3%, respectively, giving a proof of the potential of the nonlinear state equations presented for the unifying of all nonlinear phenomena observed in the piezoelectric devices.

Automated summary

Nonlinear piezoelectric materials are considered as a promising alternative to meet the demanding requirements of new technologies. This work presents accurate state equations and a fast methodology for implementing them in simulation software, allowing for easy design and characterization of nonlinear piezoelectric devices. The effectiveness of the state equations is demonstrated through experimental measurements and simulations, showing their potential for unifying nonlinear phenomena in piezoelectric devices.