Zero-heat-flux thermometry over the carotid artery in assessment of core temperature in craniotomy patients

Zero-heat-flux core temperature measurements on the forehead (ZHF-forehead) show acceptable agreement with invasive core temperature measurements but are not always possible in general anesthesia. However, ZHF measurements over the carotid artery (ZHF-neck) have been shown reliable in cardiac surgery. We investigated these in non-cardiac surgery. In 99 craniotomy patients, we assessed agreement of ZHF-forehead and ZHF-neck (3M (TM) Bair Hugger (TM)) with esophageal temperatures. We applied Bland-Altman analysis and calculated mean absolute differences (difference index) and proportion of differences within +/- 0.5 degrees C (percentage index) during entire anesthesia and before and after esophageal temperature nadir. In Bland-Altman analysis [mean (limits of agreement)], agreement with esophageal temperature during entire anesthesia was 0.1 (-0.7 to +0.8) degrees C (ZHF-neck) and 0.0 (-0.8 to +0.8) degrees C (ZHF-forehead), and, after core temperature nadir, 0.1 (-0.5 to +0.7) degrees C and 0.1 (-0.6 to +0.8) degrees C, respectively. In difference index [median (interquartile range)], ZHF-neck and ZHF-forehead performed equally during entire anesthesia [ZHF-neck: 0.2 (0.1-0.3) degrees C vs ZHF-forehead: 0.2 (0.2-0.4) degrees C], and after core temperature nadir [0.2 (0.1-0.3) degrees C vs 0.2 (0.1-0.3) degrees C, respectively; all p > 0.017 after Bonferroni correction]. In percentage index [median (interquartile range)], both ZHF-neck [100 (92-100) %] and ZHF-forehead [100 (92-100) %] scored almost 100% after esophageal nadir. ZHF-neck measures core temperature as reliably as ZHF-forehead in non-cardiac surgery. ZHF-neck is an alternative to ZHF-forehead if the latter cannot be applied.

Automated summary

The study found that zero-heat-flux measurements over the carotid artery are as reliable as measurements on the forehead in non-cardiac surgery, providing an alternative when forehead measurements cannot be done.