Related references
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Editorial Material
Medicine, General & Internal
Paul A. A. Offit
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.
Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.
Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Timothy A. Bates et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Juan Manuel Carreno et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in South Africa and Botswana in November 2021, has rapidly spread globally with high transmissibility. It has an unprecedented number of mutations in its spike gene, leading to immune escape and reduced vaccine efficacy. The neutralizing and binding activity against Omicron varies among individuals with different vaccination and infection histories.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Samuel M. S. Cheng et al.
Summary: Specific antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant decrease significantly after two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines, but can be markedly increased with a booster dose of BNT162b2. Individuals who previously received two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac showed reduced serum antibody titers against Omicron, while a BNT162b2 booster dose increased the antibody levels in the majority of individuals. This suggests mRNA vaccine boosters may be necessary in countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines to combat the spread of Omicron.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Hung Fu Tseng et al.
Summary: A test-negative case-control analysis using data from a diverse population in California, USA, demonstrates that vaccine efficacy of a three-dose regimen of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine is reduced against infection with the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant in comparison to Delta, but that efficacy against hospitalization remained high for both variants.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jia Wei et al.
Summary: This study investigated the antibody responses and protection following the second doses of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in the general population of the United Kingdom. The results showed significant boosting of anti-spike IgG antibody levels after the second doses of both vaccines, with BNT162b2 generating higher peak levels than ChAdOX1. Older individuals, males, and prior infection influenced the antibody levels. The levels of anti-spike IgG were associated with protection from infection after vaccination, and previous infection enhanced antibody peak levels and half-life. At least 67% protection against infection is estimated to last for 2-3 months after two ChAdOx1 doses, 5-8 months after two BNT162b2 doses in uninfected individuals, and 1-2 years after natural infection in unvaccinated individuals. A third booster dose may be necessary, prioritizing ChAdOx1 recipients and those more clinically vulnerable.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Roos S. G. Sablerolles et al.
Summary: This study investigated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a homologous or heterologous booster in healthcare workers who had received a single-shot Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. The results showed that booster vaccinations increased the levels of S-specific binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and T-cell responses compared to a single Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Boosters containing mRNA-based vaccines induced significantly higher levels of binding antibodies than homologous boosters. The mRNA-1273 booster was the most immunogenic but had higher reactogenicity compared to the BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S boosters. Local and systemic reactions were generally mild to moderate in the first 2 days after booster administration.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
R. L. Atmar et al.
Summary: This study investigated the efficacy of homologous and heterologous booster vaccines in adults who had completed a primary Covid-19 vaccine regimen. The results showed that both types of booster vaccines were safe and immunogenic.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Ital Nemet et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Rolando Pajon et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peter B. Gilbert et al.
Summary: In the COVE phase 3 clinical trial, neutralizing and binding antibodies were measured in vaccine recipients to determine their correlation with COVID-19 risk and vaccine efficacy. The results showed that these immune markers were inversely associated with COVID-19 risk and directly associated with vaccine efficacy. Postvaccination neutralization titers of 10, 100, and 1000 correlated with estimated vaccine efficacies of 78%, 91%, and 96% respectively.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alexander Muik et al.
Summary: This study tested the neutralizing ability of sera from participants who received two or three doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results showed that after two doses, the neutralizing ability against Omicron was significantly reduced, but a third dose effectively increased the neutralizing ability. This suggests that three doses of the vaccine may provide protection against Omicron-mediated COVID-19.
Article
Cell Biology
John P. Evans et al.
Summary: The declining efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the emergence of variants resistant to vaccine-induced immunity have sparked a debate on the need for booster vaccine doses. A study found that the Omicron variant spike protein can almost completely escape neutralizing antibodies produced by recipients of only two mRNA vaccine doses.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Robert Markewitz et al.
Summary: Heterologous vaccination regimens (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 + mRNA-1273 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 + BNT162b2) induce antibody responses faster and with greater magnitude compared to homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Increases in surrogate neutralization levels are the earliest detectable changes for all regimens.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Maren Schubert et al.
Summary: This study analyzed the binding ability of the Omicron variant to the human receptor and its neutralization efficacy. The results showed weaker binding and complete loss of neutralization against Omicron compared to previous variants. However, booster vaccination increased the antibody levels and partially restored neutralization against Omicron SARS-CoV-2.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Stefan Pilz et al.
Summary: Seroprevalence surveys indicate that a significant proportion of the global population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and natural immunity plays a crucial role in protecting against reinfections and severe disease. National surveys show that previous infection provides a reduced risk of reinfection for at least one year, with moderate waning immunity. Natural immunity appears to have similar effectiveness against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, except for the Omicron variant which requires further study. Observational studies suggest that natural immunity may provide equal or greater protection compared to two doses of mRNA vaccines, although data are not consistent. Combining previous infection with vaccination seems to offer the greatest protection against SARS-CoV-2, but there are still knowledge gaps in this area.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Tommy Nyberg et al.
Summary: The Omicron variant shows lower severity compared to Delta, especially in terms of hospital admission and death, with significant variations by age. Unvaccinated cases experience a larger reduction in intrinsic severity, while vaccinated cases experience reduced vaccine effectiveness. Booster vaccination with mRNA vaccines provides over 70% protection against hospitalization and death in breakthrough Omicron infections.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Thiago Cerqueira-Silva et al.
Summary: This study assessed the effectiveness of four COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic infection, hospitalisation, and death among individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The findings suggest that all four vaccines can provide additional protection for individuals who have recovered from COVID-19.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Ai-Ris Y. Collier et al.
Summary: Vaccinated individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant showed robust antibody and T cell responses, indicating the potential increase in population immunity through vaccination and breakthrough infections.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Adam S. Lauring et al.
Summary: mRNA vaccines were highly effective in preventing covid-19 associated hospital admissions related to the alpha, delta, and omicron variants. Three vaccine doses were required for protection against omicron, while two doses provided protection against delta and alpha variants. Omicron variant showed lower disease severity compared to delta variant but still resulted in morbidity and mortality. Vaccinated patients had lower disease severity than unvaccinated patients for all the variants.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Nungruthai Suntronwong et al.
Summary: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and waning immunity in vaccinated individuals have led to an increase in breakthrough infections. This study found that breakthrough infections after two doses of an inactivated vaccine can induce neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Heba N. Altarawneh et al.
Summary: An analysis of data from Qatar showed that previous infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity all demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against symptomatic Covid-19 caused by the BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages of the Omicron variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ellen J. Thompson et al.
Summary: The frequency and risk factors of long COVID in community-based individuals are unclear. A study analyzing data from 10 UK population-based studies and electronic health records found wide variation in the frequency of long COVID between studies, but identified some consistent risk factors.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Stijn P. Andeweg et al.
Summary: Protection against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 infection is low, but booster vaccines temporarily increase protection. Previous infection, primary vaccination, and booster vaccination offer similar protection against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 infection. Higher protection is observed in individuals with both vaccination and previous infection.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Stacey Orangi et al.
Summary: This study conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 vaccine in Kenya. The findings showed that a slow roll-out with 30% coverage was effective in reducing deaths and cost-saving, while increasing coverage to 50% and 70% had limited effectiveness and was not cost-effective. Therefore, vaccinating young adults may no longer be cost-effective in settings where prior exposure has provided partial protection.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Isobel L. Ward et al.
Summary: Based on a retrospective cohort study conducted in England from December 1, 2021 to December 30, 2021, the risk of covid-19 death was found to be reduced by 66% for omicron BA.1 compared to delta. The reduction in risk was more pronounced in the 18-59 year age group.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Chloe Dimeglio et al.
Summary: This study analyzed the antibody responses of 259 vaccinated healthcare workers and found differences in the protective effects of antibody concentrations against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 infections.
Letter
Immunology
Pinkus Tober-Lau et al.
Summary: This study tested the serum of individuals who experienced breakthrough infections after receiving two doses of the vaccine to determine their neutralizing activity against the ancestral strain and four variants of concern. The results showed that the cross-variant neutralizing activity was comparable to that observed after receiving three doses of the vaccine. Additionally, a shorter interval between vaccination and breakthrough infection was associated with lower neutralizing titers.
EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Sho Miyamoto et al.
Summary: The immune response to Omicron is influenced by prior vaccination and breakthrough infections. Individuals with breakthrough infections showed robust cross-neutralization against Omicron, while fully vaccinated individuals without a history of breakthrough infections had a high resistance to Omicron neutralization. Furthermore, the time interval between vaccination and infection was significantly correlated with the magnitude and potency of Omicron-neutralizing antibodies.
Article
Cell Biology
Dale Kitchin et al.
Summary: This study confirms that neutralizing and binding antibody responses to Ad26.COV2.S vaccination remain stable for 6 months and show significant boost in individuals with breakthrough infections. These findings have important implications for population immunity in areas where the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has been widely administered.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Venkata-Viswanadh Edara et al.
Summary: The study indicates that a two-dose vaccination may not provide sufficient neutralizing antibody responses against the omicron variant, with a significant reduction in neutralizing activity observed after six months. However, COVID-19-recovered individuals still retain some level of neutralizing antibody responses. A third dose (booster shot) is necessary to enhance the neutralizing activity against the omicron variant.
CELL REPORTS MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Koen B. Pouwels et al.
Summary: This study in England found significant changes in the number of individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors for positivity over time from April to November 2020. Important risk factors for testing positive varied between the first and second waves, with age being a key driver of increased positivity rates in the second wave. Continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be important for managing the COVID-19 pandemic moving forwards.
LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sara Y. Tartof et al.
Summary: This study aimed to assess the overall and variant-specific effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related hospital admissions among members of a healthcare system in California. The effectiveness of the vaccine remained high against hospital admissions even up to 6 months after full vaccination, despite a decline in effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections over time, which was likely due to waning immunity rather than the delta variant escaping vaccine protection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuo Feng et al.
Summary: Defined levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies elicited by the COVID-19 vaccine were identified as correlates of protection against symptomatic infection. Higher levels of immune markers were correlated with a reduced risk of symptomatic infection. The data can be used to extrapolate efficacy estimates to new populations.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yair Goldberg et al.
Summary: The immunity against the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 waned in all age groups in Israel a few months after receiving the second dose of the vaccine, leading to an increase in infection and severe cases.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jia Wei et al.
Summary: Understanding antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for assessing protection and risk of reinfection. This study, using representative data from the UK, found that 24% of participants did not develop anti-spike antibodies, with older participants and those of non-white ethnicity having higher peak antibody levels. The estimated antibody levels associated with protection against reinfection may last 1.5-2 years on average.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Jose G. Montoya et al.
Summary: Studies on antibody responses by vaccine brand are lacking, but this study found that mRNA-1273 elicited higher IgG antibody responses compared to BNT162b2 after the second dose. This difference may have implications for manufacturing processes and dose regimens of these vaccines.
MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM
(2021)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Frank G. Sandmann et al.
Summary: The study explores the health and economic value of introducing SARS-CoV-2 immunization alongside physical distancing in the UK. It found that vaccination could minimize community transmission and lead to significant health and economic benefits, with scenarios ranging from best-case to worst-case outcomes.
LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jamie Lopez Bernal et al.
Summary: This study estimated the real-world effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S vaccines against confirmed COVID-19 symptoms, hospital admissions, and deaths. The vaccines showed significant reduction in symptomatic COVID-19 among older adults and further protection against severe disease. Both vaccines demonstrated similar effects and protection was maintained for over 6 weeks.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Emma Pritchard et al.
Summary: Results from the Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey in the UK demonstrate that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 vaccines reduce the incidence of new SARS-CoV-2 infections by up to 65% with a single dose and up to 80% after two doses, with no significant differences in efficacy observed between the two vaccines.
Article
Immunology
John S. Tregoning et al.
Summary: The development and rollout of vaccines have brought hope for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with vaccines proving highly effective in preventing disease. However, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to vaccines globally, as well as lessons to be learned for controlling pandemics in the future.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary
Tanner Sorensen et al.
QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR PSYCHOLOGY
(2016)
Article
Biology
Simon N. Wood
Article
Statistics & Probability
SN Wood
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY
(2003)
