Elucidating the Implications of Norovirus N- and O-Glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and Phosphorylation

Norovirus is the most common cause of foodborne gastroenteritis, affecting millions of people worldwide annually. Among the ten genotypes (GI-GX) of norovirus, only GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX infect humans. Some genotypes reportedly exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs), including N- and O-glycosylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and phosphorylation, in their viral antigens. PTMs have been linked to increased viral genome replication, viral particle release, and virulence. Owing to breakthroughs in mass spectrometry (MS) technologies, more PTMs have been discovered in recent years and have contributed significantly to preventing and treating infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms by which PTMs act on noroviruses remain poorly understood. In this section, we outline the current knowledge of the three common types of PTM and investigate their impact on norovirus pathogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the strategies and techniques for the identification of PTMs.

Automated summary

Norovirus is the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis, impacting millions of people worldwide annually. Different genotypes of norovirus exhibit post-translational modifications (PTMs) in their viral antigens, such as glycosylation and phosphorylation, which are associated with viral replication and virulence. Recent advancements in mass spectrometry have led to the discovery of more PTMs, contributing significantly to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms by which PTMs affect noroviruses are still not well understood. This section reviews the current knowledge on PTMs in noroviruses and their impact on pathogenesis, as well as the strategies and techniques for their identification.