Precision medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: Individualizing the use of biologics and small molecule therapies

The advent of biologics and small molecules in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has marked a significant turning point in the prognosis of IBD, decreasing the rates of corticosteroid dependence, hospitalizations and improving overall quality of life. The introduction of biosimilars has also increased affordability and enhanced access to these otherwise costly targeted therapies. Biologics do not yet represent a complete panacea: A subset of patients do not respond to first-line anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha agents or may subsequently demonstrate a secondary loss of response. Patients who fail to respond to anti-TNF agents typically have a poorer response rate to second-line biologics. It is uncertain which patient would benefit from a different sequencing of biologics or even a combination of biologic agents. The introduction of newer classes of biologics and small molecules may provide alternative therapeutic targets for patients with refractory disease. This review examines the therapeutic ceiling in current treatment strategies of IBD and the potential paradigm shifts in the future.

Automated summary

The introduction of biologics and small molecules has greatly improved the prognosis and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Biosimilars have increased affordability and access to targeted therapies. However, some patients do not respond to first-line anti-TNF agents, and it is unclear which patients would benefit from different sequencing or combinations of biologic agents. New classes of biologics and small molecules may provide alternative therapeutic options for refractory disease. This review explores the current treatment strategies for IBD and potential future shifts in paradigms.