PRRSV nonstructural protein 11 degrades swine ISG15 by its endoribonuclease activity to antagonize antiviral immune response

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped positive-stranded RNA virus which causes serious economic losses to pig industry worldwide. Type I IFN induces expression of interferon-stimulated genes 15 (ISG15) to inhibit virus replication. To survive in the host, PRRSV has evolved to antago-nize the antiviral response of ISGylation. Previous studies have reported that nonstructural protein 2 of PRRSV inhibits the ISGylation and antiviral function of ISG15 depending on its ovarian tumor (OTU) domain/papain-like protease domain (PLP2). However, whether there are other PRRSV proteins inhibiting ISGylation of cellular proteins is less well understood. In this study, we first found that PRRSV Nsp11 decreased ISGylation of cellular proteins. Meanwhile, the expression level of ISG15 was significantly inhibited by Nsp11. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that the transcription of ISG15 was reduced by endoribonuclease activity of Nsp11. Finally, we found that the Nsp11-induced degradation of ISG15 was partially relied on autophagy-lysosome system. Taken together, PRRSV Nsp11 antagonizes the antiviral response of ISG15 by its endor-ibonuclease activity to promote PRRSV replication. Our results reveal a novel mechanism that PRRSV inhibits ISGylation of cellular proteins and impairs host innate immune response.

Automated summary

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped positive-stranded RNA virus that causes significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. In this study, it was shown that the nonstructural protein 11 (Nsp11) of PRRSV inhibits the ISGylation of cellular proteins by its endoribonuclease activity, leading to decreased expression of ISG15. Additionally, Nsp11 induces the degradation of ISG15 through the autophagy-lysosome system, thus antagonizing the antiviral response of ISG15 and promoting PRRSV replication.