How do past global experiences of coal phase-out inform China's domestic approach to a just transition?

China produces nearly half of the world's coal and more than half of the global coal-fired electricity. Its CO2 emissions are higher than the combined volumes of the next three world regions-the US, Europe, and India. China has announced a net-zero commitment by 2060. This timeline creates enormous pressure to maintain energy security while phasing down coal use. Despite the localized nature of China's coal production with nearly 80% of its thermal coal industry concentrated in four provinces, the dependencies are complex and extensive. Large-scale changes to energy systems will result in a range of social, cultural, and economic disruptions across China's urban, rural, and remote regions. This paper examines experiences with coal transitions in other jurisdictions and considers implications for China. We examine the drivers, successes, and failures of coal phase-down in Germany, Poland, Australia, the UK, and the US. Despite significant differences in scale and complexity, these experiences offer important insights for China as it works to meet its climate commitments.

Automated summary

China, as the world's largest coal producer and coal-fired electricity generator, faces tremendous pressure to maintain energy security while reducing coal use to achieve its net-zero commitment by 2060. Despite the concentration of its coal industry in four provinces, the dependencies are complex and extensive, resulting in social, cultural, and economic disruptions across China. By studying coal transitions in Germany, Poland, Australia, the UK, and the US, valuable insights can be gained to inform China's efforts in meeting its climate goals.