Identification of Chinese red wine origins based on Raman spectroscopy and deep learning

In this study, we combined Raman spectroscopy with deep learning for the first time to establish an accurate, simple, and fast method to identify the origin of red wines. We collected Raman spectra from 200 red wine samples of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety from four different origins with a portable Raman spectrometer. The red wine samples, made in 2021, were from the same producer in China. Differences were found by analyzing the Raman spectra of red wine samples. These differences are mainly caused by ethanol, carboxylic acids, and polyphenols. After further analysis, for different origins, the different performances of these substances on the Raman spectrum are related to the climate and geographical conditions of the origin. The Raman spectra were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The data with PCA dimensionality reduction were imported into an artificial neural network (ANN), multifeature fusion convolutional neural network (MCNN), GoogLeNet, and residual neural network (ResNet) to establish red wine origin identification models. The classification results of the model prove that climate, geography, and other conditions can provide support for the classification of red wine origin. The experiments showed that all four models performed well, among which MCNN performed the

Automated summary

In this study, Raman spectroscopy and deep learning were combined for the first time to establish an accurate, simple, and fast method for identifying the origin of red wines. Raman spectra were collected from 200 red wine samples of Cabernet Sauvignon variety from four different origins using a portable spectrometer. Differences in the Raman spectra were found, primarily caused by ethanol, carboxylic acids, and polyphenols. The analysis showed that the performance of these substances on the Raman spectrum varied with the climate and geographical conditions of the origin. Four models, including ANN, MCNN, GoogLeNet, and ResNet, were used to establish red wine origin identification models based on the analyzed Raman spectra. The classification results showed that these models performed well, with MCNN achieving the best performance.