Satellite spectroscopy reveals the atmospheric consequences of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war

With increasing geopolitical conflicts and climate change, the effects of war on the atmosphere remain unclear, espe-cially the recent large-scale war between Russia and Ukraine. Here, we assess how war affects human emission activ-ities by observing atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) using high-resolution satellite spectroscopy. Spatial and temporal responses of atmospheric composition to armed conflict are characterized. Significant decreases in NO2 con-centrations of 10.7-27.3 % occurred in most Ukrainian cities at the beginning of the war, in contrast to dramatic in-creases in NO2 concentrations in Russian cities outside the northern border. Anomalous changes in NO2 were also found in transportation hubs. By excluding the effect of meteorology, the machine learning model indicates that war-induced changes in anthropogenic emissions may account for-40 % of the reduction in NO2 pollution for major cities such as Kyiv. Our study demonstrates that satellites can provide a unique perspective on the atmospheric consequences of humanitarian disasters.

Automated summary

By observing atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations, we assess the impact of war on human emission activities, particularly the recent large-scale war between Russia and Ukraine. Our study shows significant decreases in NO2 concentrations in most Ukrainian cities at the beginning of the war, while dramatic increases were observed in Russian cities outside the northern border. The machine learning model suggests that war-induced changes in anthropogenic emissions may account for 40% of the reduction in NO2 pollution for major cities such as Kyiv. Satellites provide a unique perspective on the atmospheric consequences of humanitarian disasters.