Journal
REVIEWS IN ENDOCRINE & METABOLIC DISORDERS
Volume -, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09791-8
Keywords
Bioelectrical impedance analysis; Cellular Health; Muscle function; Phase angle; Resistance training
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The biophysical response of the human body to electric current, particularly the phase angle (PhA), is considered as an indicator of cell health and mass. Despite the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) in improving PhA, the underlying biological mechanisms are still not fully understood. This review provides a theoretical explanation for the responsiveness of PhA determinants to RT and summarizes the evidence on the effects of RT on PhA in different age groups. The findings suggest that RT modulates cell volume and leads to changes in electrical resistance and capacitance, ultimately affecting PhA.
The biophysical response of the human body to electric current is widely appreciated as a barometer of fluid distribution and cell function. From distinct raw bioelectrical impedance (BIA) variables assessed in the field of body composition, phase angle (PhA) has been repeatedly indicated as a functional marker of the cell's health and mass. Although resistance training (RT) programs have demonstrated to be effective to improve PhA, with varying degrees of change depending on other raw BIA variables, there is still limited research explaining the biological mechanisms behind these changes. Here, we aim to provide the rationale for the responsiveness of PhA determinants to RT, as well as to summarize all available evidence addressing the effect of varied RT programs on PhA of different age groups. Available data led us to conclude that RT modulates the cell volume by increasing the levels of intracellular glycogen and water, thus triggering structural and functional changes in different cell organelles. These alterations lead, respectively, to shifts in the resistive path of the electric current (resistance, R) and capacitive properties of the human body (reactance, Xc), which ultimately impact PhA, considering that it is the angular transformation of the ratio between Xc and R. Evidence drawn from experimental research suggests that RT is highly effective for enhancing PhA, especially when adopting high-intensity, volume, and duration RT programs combining other types of exercise. Still, additional research exploring the effects of RT on whole-body and regional BIA variables of alternative population groups is recommended for further knowledge development.
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