Developmental and functional controls on enrolment in an ancient, extinct arthropod

Three-dimensional models reveal how the mechanics of exoskeletal enrolment changed during the development of a model organism for insights into ancient arthropod development, the 429-million-year-old trilobite Aulacopleura koninckii. Changes in the number, size and allocation of segments within the trunk, coupled with the need to maintain effective exoskeletal shielding of soft tissue during enrolment, necessitated a transition in enrolment style about the onset of mature growth. During an earlier growth phase, enrolment was sphaeroidal, with the venter of the trunk fitting exactly against that of the head. In later growth, if lateral exoskeletal encapsulation was to be maintained trunk length proportions did not permit such exact fitting, requiring an alternative, non-sphaeoridal enrolment style. Our study favours the adoption of a posture in later growth in which the posterior trunk extended beyond the front of the head. This change in enrolment accommodated a pattern of notable variation in the number of mature trunk segments, well known to characterize the development of this species. It suggests how an animal whose early segmental development was remarkably precisely controlled was able to realize the marked variation in mature segment number that was related, apparently, to life in a physically challenging, reduced oxygen setting.

Automated summary

Three-dimensional models show how the exoskeletal enrolment mechanics changed during the development of the 429-million-year-old trilobite Aulacopleura koninckii. The researchers found that the style of enrolment shifted from sphaeroidal to non-sphaeoridal as the trilobite matured and needed to maintain effective exoskeletal shielding. This change in enrolment accommodated the species' variation in mature trunk segments and suggests adaptation to a physically challenging, low oxygen environment.