Hydrogen peroxide sensor HyPer7 illuminates tissue-specific plastid redox dynamics

Dynamics of peroxide can be resolved by incorporating the pH-insensitive probe HyPer7 to plastid stroma, revealing heterogeneities in peroxide accumulation and distinct epidermal plastid types. The visualization of photosynthesis-derived reactive oxygen species has been experimentally limited to pH-sensitive probes, unspecific redox dyes, and whole-plant phenotyping. Recent emergence of probes that circumvent these limitations permits advanced experimental approaches to investigate in situ plastid redox properties. Despite growing evidence of heterogeneity in photosynthetic plastids, investigations have not addressed the potential for spatial variation in redox and/or reactive oxygen dynamics. To study the dynamics of H2O2 in distinct plastid types, we targeted the pH-insensitive, highly specific probe HyPer7 to the plastid stroma in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using HyPer7 and glutathione redox potential (E-GSH) probe for redox-active green fluorescent protein 2 genetically fused to the redox enzyme human glutaredoxin-1 with live cell imaging and optical dissection of cell types, we report heterogeneities in H2O2 accumulation and redox buffering within distinct epidermal plastids in response to excess light and hormone application. Our observations suggest that plastid types can be differentiated by their physiological redox features. These data underscore the variation in photosynthetic plastid redox dynamics and demonstrate the need for cell-type-specific observations in future plastid phenotyping.

Automated summary

The dynamics of peroxide in different plastid types were studied using the pH-insensitive probe HyPer7 and the glutathione redox potential probe. Heterogeneities in peroxide accumulation and redox buffering within distinct epidermal plastids in response to excess light and hormone application were observed. These findings highlight the variation in photosynthetic plastid redox dynamics and emphasize the importance of cell-type-specific observations in future plastid phenotyping.