A rapid method to quantify vein density in C4 plants using starch staining

C-4 photosynthesis has evolved multiple times in the angiosperms and typically involves alterations to the biochemistry, cell biology and development of leaves. One common modification found in C-4 plants compared with the ancestral C-3 state is an increase in vein density such that the leaf contains a larger proportion of bundle sheath cells. Recent findings indicate that there may be significant intraspecific variation in traits such as vein density in C-4 plants but to use such natural variation for trait-mapping, rapid phenotyping would be required. Here we report a high-throughput method to quantify vein density that leverages the bundle sheath-specific accumulation of starch found in C-4 species. Starch staining allowed high-contrast images to be acquired permitting image analysis with MATLAB- and Python-based programmes. The method works for dicotyledons and monocotolydons. We applied this method to Gynandropsis gynandra where significant variation in vein density was detected between natural accessions, and Zea mays where no variation was apparent in the genotypically diverse lines assessed. We anticipate this approach will be useful to map genes controlling vein density in C-4 species demonstrating natural variation for this trait.

Automated summary

C-4 photosynthesis has evolved multiple times in angiosperms and usually involves changes to the biochemistry, cell biology, and development of leaves. One common modification in C-4 plants is an increase in vein density, which results in a larger proportion of bundle sheath cells in the leaf. This study presents a high-throughput method of quantifying vein density using starch staining, which allows for rapid phenotyping in C-4 species. The method was successfully applied to detect significant variation in vein density in Gynandropsis gynandra, but not in genotypically diverse lines of Zea mays.