Related references
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Article
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Summary: Anecdotal clinical observation suggests that the rates of chemosensory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 infection may be decreasing. A study using a large database found that patients infected with more recent variants are at a significantly lower risk of developing smell and taste loss.
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Summary: Using primary nasal epithelial organoid cultures, researchers discovered that SARS-CoV-2 attaches to motile cilia through the ACE2 receptor. The virus then traverses the mucus layer using these cilia as tracks to access the cell body. Depletion of cilia inhibits infection not only by SARS-CoV-2 but also other respiratory viruses. Furthermore, the study found that SARS-CoV-2 progeny attach to airway microvilli and trigger the formation of extended and branched microvilli, facilitating viral egress from the microvilli back into the mucus layer. This supports the model of virus dispersion throughout the airway tissue via mucociliary transport. Remarkably, the Omicron variants exhibit higher affinity to motile cilia and demonstrate accelerated viral entry. The findings highlight the critical role of motile cilia, microvilli, and mucociliary-dependent mucus flow in efficient virus replication in nasal epithelia.
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Summary: SARS-CoV-2 infection causes downregulation of olfactory receptors and their signaling components, offering insights into its effects on olfaction and other systems.
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Kenrie P. Y. Hui et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a threat to global public health. The Omicron variant replicates faster in bronchi but less efficiently in the lung parenchyma compared to other variants. All variants of concern have similar cellular tropism.
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Rachel A. Reyna et al.
Summary: This study developed a behavioral test of anosmia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters, and found a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the score of histological damage within the olfactory epithelium. It also found a moderately strong correlation between the level of anosmia and the thickness of the olfactory epithelium, previously demonstrated to be severely damaged upon infection. This food-searching behavioral test can therefore serve as a simple and effective screening method for various therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2-related anosmia in hamster models.
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Summary: Loss of smell is a prevalent symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can cause damage to the zebrafish olfactory system, leading to structural and functional impairment. Single cell RNA sequencing revealed loss of olfactory receptor expression and inflammatory responses.
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Ivan Manzini et al.
Summary: Biological and artificial olfactory systems share similarities in input, receptor neuron/sensor functions, and processing steps, but differ significantly in the handling of receptor neuron outputs, especially with a lack of research on signal processing stages in the higher olfactory centers in electronic noses.
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Ben Killingley et al.
Summary: This study establishes a new SARS-CoV-2 human challenge model and investigates the viral kinetics during primary infection. The findings have implications for public health recommendations and strategies to control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Otorhinolaryngology
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Summary: Sudden smell loss is a specific early symptom of COVID-19. A longitudinal survey on smell function and recovery reveals that while smell ability improves for many individuals during acute COVID-19, the prevalence of parosmia and phantosmia increases over time. Persistent smell impairment may be a key marker of long-term COVID-19 illness.
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Megumi Kishimoto-Urata et al.
Summary: The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory pathway was studied in Syrian golden hamsters at different time points. The study found incomplete recovery of olfactory sensory neurons, prolonged activation of glial cells in the olfactory bulb, and a decrease in dendritic spine density within the hippocampus. These findings may provide insights into the mechanism underlying long-lasting olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment as a post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.
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Christopher Kaufer et al.
Summary: This study found that even after viral clearance, inflammatory responses and abnormal protein accumulation can occur in the brain, which may contribute to the neurological dysfunction observed in post-COVID-19 syndrome.
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Immunology
Brandon J. J. LaFever et al.
Summary: Nasal inflammation can cause damage to olfactory mucosal cells, leading to impaired olfactory function and structural and functional changes in the rodent olfactory bulb.
JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION
(2022)
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Mona Khan et al.
Summary: The study investigated the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 invading the brain through the olfactory projection. The researchers obtained tissue and fluid samples from deceased COVID-19 patients and found no evidence of viral invasion in the olfactory bulb and frontal lobe. Instead, they identified anatomical barriers between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory nerve.
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Cell Biology
John B. Finlay et al.
Summary: SARS-CoV-2 causes profound changes in the sense of smell, including total smell loss. Although these alterations are often transient, many patients with COVID-19 exhibit olfactory dysfunction that lasts months to years. This study found that T cell-mediated inflammation persists in the olfactory epithelium long after the virus has been eliminated, suggesting a mechanism for long-term post-COVID-19 smell loss.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2022)
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Abhishek Kumar Verma et al.
Summary: Loss of olfactory function in SARS-CoV-2 infections is associated with sustentacular cell infection and inflammation. Infection leads to damage and loss of cilia on olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and downregulation of olfactory receptors and signal transduction molecules. Recovery of olfactory function takes about 3-4 weeks, and not all animals fully recovered. Similar patterns of olfactory infection and dysfunction were observed in mice infected with other human coronaviruses.
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Justin J. Frere et al.
Summary: This study compared the short- and long-term systemic responses after SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV) infection, and found that SARS-CoV-2 caused more severe and lasting lung and kidney damage compared to IAV. It also uniquely affected the olfactory bulb and olfactory epithelium. Despite viral clearance, the olfactory bulb and epithelium showed sustained transcriptional changes and correlated with behavioral changes, providing insights into the persistent symptoms of COVID-19.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
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Federico Armando et al.
Summary: This study compares virus spread and pathology in Syrian golden hamsters infected with different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and finds that the Omicron variant causes milder pathology.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
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Evan Xu et al.
Summary: Individuals with COVID-19 have an increased risk of developing a range of neurologic disorders at 12 months, even if they were not hospitalized during the acute phase of the infection.
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Michelle Monje et al.
Summary: This article reviews the impact of persistent neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms on the central nervous system after COVID-19 and discusses the possible neurobiological basis for the cognitive symptoms experienced by COVID-19 survivors.
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Tianyang Mao et al.
Summary: This study developed a vaccine strategy called prime and spike, which activates mucosal immune memory within the respiratory tract and induces strong immune responses. It enhances both systemic and local immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and provides full protection against lethal infection in partially immune mice.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Clara Bourgon et al.
Summary: This study finds that the loss of smell related to SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the destruction of the olfactory epithelium by neutrophils. Decreasing neutrophil activity can reduce the damage caused by infection and lower the levels of SARS-CoV-2 in the olfactory epithelium. However, reducing neutrophils may also promote the early phase spread of the virus in the nasal cavity.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES
(2022)
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Kym Man et al.
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Jane K. Parker et al.
Summary: Parker et al. used GC-Olfactometry to identify the aroma compounds responsible for the distortions experienced by those with parosmia. They found that 15 highly odour-active compounds are common triggers of the distortion and individually elicit the perception of disgust.
COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE
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Microbiology
Ben Hu et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the research progress on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including virology characteristics, pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment methods. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus.
NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY
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Richard C. Gerkin et al.
Summary: Through a study involving survey, it was found that olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19, with smell loss being significantly more pronounced in COVID-19 positive participants. Smell loss during illness is identified as the best predictor of COVID-19 among those with symptoms of respiratory illness.
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Mona Khan et al.
Summary: Anosmia, the loss of smell, is a common symptom of COVID-19, but it is caused by the virus attacking sustentacular cells in the olfactory mucosa rather than infecting olfactory sensory neurons. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is not a neurotropic virus.
Review
Otorhinolaryngology
Xiangming Meng et al.
Summary: COVID-19-induced anosmia may involve inflammation of the olfactory clefts and damage to the olfactory epithelium or olfactory central nervous system by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Anosmia may also be an essential indicator of COVID-19 spread and an early indicator of the effectiveness of political decisions. The occurrence and development of COVID-19-induced anosmia may be influenced by smoking behaviors and underlying diseases such as type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal disorders, and rhinitis.
ENT-EAR NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL
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Jenny Meinhardt et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx and brain, suggesting the virus may enter the CNS through the olfactory mucosa. The virus utilizes the neural-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa to penetrate the nervous system, affecting various neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center.
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Matteo Bocci et al.
Summary: Neurological symptoms following COVID-19 may be related to the expression of ACE2 receptor in neurovascular pericytes, allowing virus entry into the central nervous system space, leading to neurological symptoms, perivascular inflammation, and compromised blood-brain barrier.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2021)
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Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shinji Urata et al.
Summary: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom of COVID-19, but the damage and repair of the neuroepithelium after SARS-CoV-2 infection is still incomplete. In a study using golden Syrian hamsters, severe damage was observed in the olfactory epithelium post-inoculation, with the nasal septal region showing faster recovery. This suggests that anosmia related to SARS-CoV-2 infection may be fully reversible.
ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
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Cell Biology
Guilherme Dias de Melo et al.
Summary: Recent investigations have shown that olfactory and taste dysfunction are common in mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Research on the olfactory neuroepithelium revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause local inflammation and lead to acute loss of smell, which may account for prolonged symptoms of COVID-19 such as anosmia.
SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
(2021)
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Multidisciplinary Sciences
Andrew C. Yang et al.
Summary: This study found that patients with COVID-19 exhibited widespread cellular perturbations in the brain, including the relay of peripheral inflammation into the brain by choroid plexus barrier cells and infiltration of peripheral T cells. Additionally, COVID-19 affected synaptic signaling of upper-layer excitatory neurons linked to cognitive function.
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Cell Biology
Qing Ye et al.
Summary: The study reveals that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes olfactory dysfunction, with its mechanism unclear, but replicable in a mouse model and providing critical clues to understanding extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. These findings suggest a direct impact on olfactory structures and gene expression, triggering immune responses and cell death.
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Jian Zheng et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Experimental studies in animals infected with SARS-CoV-2 have revealed severe lung and brain damage, as well as early onset anosmia in mice. Excitingly, infusion of convalescent plasma from recovered patients has shown to protect against lethal disease, though it does not prevent anosmia.
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