Pharmacogenomics: Driving Personalized Medicine

Personalized medicine tailors therapies, disease prevention, and health maintenance to the indi-vidual, with pharmacogenomics serving as a key tool to improve outcomes and prevent adverse effects. Advances in genomics have transformed pharmacogenetics, tradi-tionally focused on single gene-drug pairs, into pharmaco-genomics, encompassing all -omics fields (e.g., proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics). This review summarizes basic genomics principles relevant to translation into therapies, assessing pharmacogenomics' central role in converging diverse elements of personal-ized medicine. We discuss genetic variations in pharma-cogenes (drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and receptors), their clinical relevance as biomarkers, and the legacy of decades of research in pharmacoge-netics. All types of therapies, including proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, cells, genes, and irradiation, can benefit from genomics, expanding the role of pharmacogenom-ics across medicine. Food and Drug Administration ap-provals of personalized therapeutics involving biomarkers increase rapidly, demonstrating the growing impact of pharmacogenomics. A beacon for all therapeutic ap-proaches, molecularly targeted cancer therapies high-light trends in drug discovery and clinical applications. To account for human complexity, multicomponent bio-marker panels encompassing genetic, personal, and envi-ronmental factors can guide diagnosis and therapies, increasingly involving artificial intelligence to cope with extreme data complexities. However, clinical application encounters substantial hurdles, such as unknown valid-ity across ethnic groups, underlying bias in health care, and real-world validation. This review address the underlying science and technologies germane to phar-macogenomics and personalized medicine, integrated with economic, ethical, and regulatory issues, provid-ing insights into the current status and future direction of health care.Significance Statement--Personalized medicine aims to optimize health care for the individual pa-tients with use of predictive biomarkers to improve out-comes and prevent adverse effects. Pharmacogenomics drives biomarker discovery and guides the develop-ment of targeted therapeutics. This review addresses basic principles and current trends in pharmacoge-nomics, with large-scale data repositories accelerating medical advances. The impact of pharmacogenomics is discussed, along with hurdles impeding broad clini-cal implementation, in the context of clinical care, ethics, economics, and regulatory affairs.

Automated summary

Personalized medicine tailors therapies, disease prevention, and health maintenance to the individual using pharmacogenomics as a key tool. Genomics advances have transformed pharmacogenetics into pharmacogenomics, encompassing all -omics fields. This review summarizes the principles of genomics relevant to personalized medicine and discusses the clinical relevance of genetic variations in pharmacogenes. The impact and challenges of pharmacogenomics on clinical care, ethics, economics, and regulations are also addressed.